1
00:00:28,150 --> 00:00:10,380
[Music]

2
00:00:39,759 --> 00:00:37,630
lived off in less than a century America

3
00:00:41,979 --> 00:00:39,769
has progressed from the sandy hills of

4
00:00:46,060 --> 00:00:41,989
Kitty Hawk along the Atlantic coast into

5
00:00:48,790 --> 00:00:46,070
the vast new ocean of space journeys

6
00:00:51,069 --> 00:00:48,800
been difficult and dangerous but it's

7
00:00:52,960 --> 00:00:51,079
also been rewarding it's given us a

8
00:00:55,829 --> 00:00:52,970
better understanding of our home planet

9
00:00:58,569 --> 00:00:55,839
our solar system and the universe

10
00:01:00,040 --> 00:00:58,579
although humans have dreamed of sailing

11
00:01:02,799 --> 00:01:00,050
outward from the planet Earth for

12
00:01:13,920 --> 00:01:02,809
centuries the realization of that vision

13
00:01:19,810 --> 00:01:15,550
[Music]

14
00:01:22,300 --> 00:01:19,820
I had been working for NACA since 1945

15
00:01:24,880 --> 00:01:22,310
as the young aeronautical engineer right

16
00:01:27,340 --> 00:01:24,890
out of college in airplane flight test

17
00:01:28,540 --> 00:01:27,350
and we were not interested in space at

18
00:01:31,750 --> 00:01:28,550
that time you were interested in

19
00:01:34,810 --> 00:01:31,760
high-speed aerodynamics the x-15 was

20
00:01:36,130 --> 00:01:34,820
being built there's the drop before it

21
00:01:38,859 --> 00:01:36,140
returns to earth again

22
00:01:42,810 --> 00:01:38,869
the x-15 may fly some 60 miles straight

23
00:01:52,170 --> 00:01:42,820
up at nearly 4000 miles per hour

24
00:01:59,899 --> 00:01:54,469
[Music]

25
00:02:04,490 --> 00:01:59,909
we were in Cold War that was darn close

26
00:02:07,399 --> 00:02:04,500
to hot war the Russians and and there

27
00:02:13,910 --> 00:02:07,409
was great concern both the sides had

28
00:02:16,190 --> 00:02:13,920
nuclear weapons you know we grew up

29
00:02:18,199 --> 00:02:16,200
fearing the Russians I can remember when

30
00:02:20,509 --> 00:02:18,209
I was in school going through drills

31
00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:20,519
where we got under our seats so this

32
00:02:24,770 --> 00:02:22,530
idea of them beating us in space was a

33
00:02:27,880 --> 00:02:24,780
pretty awesome idea they were claiming

34
00:02:31,130 --> 00:02:27,890
superiority and we didn't believe that

35
00:02:33,590 --> 00:02:31,140
but they had been launching some rockets

36
00:02:35,850 --> 00:02:33,600
and ours too often had been blowing up

37
00:02:37,020 --> 00:02:35,860
on the launch pad

38
00:02:37,610 --> 00:02:37,030
[Music]

39
00:02:47,429 --> 00:02:37,620
[Applause]

40
00:02:53,259 --> 00:02:49,989
and that was sort of the background to

41
00:03:01,699 --> 00:02:53,269
what happened then in 57 when they sent

42
00:03:08,839 --> 00:03:04,130
there's a Russian of satellite which is

43
00:03:10,820 --> 00:03:08,849
going over every 90 minutes beep and it

44
00:03:12,920 --> 00:03:10,830
didn't take much imagination to know

45
00:03:14,720 --> 00:03:12,930
that that could have been involved I

46
00:03:17,149 --> 00:03:14,730
remember being very surprised that they

47
00:03:19,369 --> 00:03:17,159
had done this and that we had not been

48
00:03:20,930 --> 00:03:19,379
able to do it ahead of them that was my

49
00:03:22,869 --> 00:03:20,940
main concern I think that was the main

50
00:03:25,430 --> 00:03:22,879
concern of most Americans at that time

51
00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:25,440
right then I think we all inwardly

52
00:03:30,559 --> 00:03:27,810
resolved that that one goal laughs would

53
00:03:33,979 --> 00:03:30,569
go do something about it it was just a

54
00:03:37,990 --> 00:03:33,989
faint beep a radio beacon coming from a

55
00:03:41,420 --> 00:03:38,000
shiny little orb circling the earth in

56
00:03:44,420 --> 00:03:41,430
1957 Sputnik signaled the beginning of

57
00:03:47,960 --> 00:03:44,430
the Space Age and the United States was

58
00:03:50,119 --> 00:03:47,970
behind our first successful answer to

59
00:03:53,330 --> 00:03:50,129
Sputnik came with the launch of the

60
00:03:55,430 --> 00:03:53,340
Explorer 1 satellite and within the year

61
00:04:01,420 --> 00:03:55,440
the formation of the National

62
00:04:08,470 --> 00:04:05,589
when I came up here in May of 1958 there

63
00:04:11,440 --> 00:04:08,480
was no Marshall Space Flight Center von

64
00:04:12,790 --> 00:04:11,450
Braun and his team were all part of what

65
00:04:15,820 --> 00:04:12,800
was called an army ballistic missile

66
00:04:18,009 --> 00:04:15,830
agency and it was that agency actually

67
00:04:21,330 --> 00:04:18,019
that built and launched the first

68
00:04:21,340 --> 00:04:39,890
maybe panic

69
00:04:45,450 --> 00:04:42,689
we took enormous pride in that because

70
00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:45,460
although it followed Sputnik Explorer

71
00:04:51,180 --> 00:04:48,370
one had science instruments on it and so

72
00:04:58,170 --> 00:04:51,190
it really marks the first use of space

73
00:05:01,140 --> 00:04:58,180
for scientific exploration gave us the

74
00:05:02,820 --> 00:05:01,150
idea that we were surrounded by

75
00:05:05,290 --> 00:05:02,830
radiation belts that we knew nothing

76
00:05:15,090 --> 00:05:07,150
no Barry

77
00:05:22,290 --> 00:05:18,840
so we were off and running

78
00:05:24,840 --> 00:05:22,300
as a result of Sputnik and it resulted

79
00:05:28,410 --> 00:05:24,850
of course in the establishment of NASA

80
00:05:31,820 --> 00:05:28,420
by President Eisenhower in the summer of

81
00:05:34,500 --> 00:05:31,830
1958 we have one of the most challenging

82
00:05:37,530 --> 00:05:34,510
assignments that has ever been given to

83
00:05:40,620 --> 00:05:37,540
modern man we will be developing and

84
00:05:43,170 --> 00:05:40,630
launching into space vehicles needed to

85
00:05:46,110 --> 00:05:43,180
obtain scientific data and to explore

86
00:05:48,840 --> 00:05:46,120
the solar system we will be preparing

87
00:05:49,630 --> 00:05:48,850
for the day when manned flight goes into

88
00:05:53,510 --> 00:05:49,640
space

89
00:05:59,880 --> 00:05:57,060
Sieg Lennon was really outstanding in

90
00:06:01,620 --> 00:05:59,890
that period of drawing together the

91
00:06:03,930 --> 00:06:01,630
thoughts of the people in the

92
00:06:07,860 --> 00:06:03,940
organization and seeking people from

93
00:06:11,910 --> 00:06:07,870
outside of course I was a young punk at

94
00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:11,920
that time in those early years and I was

95
00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:13,690
a little hesitant about expressing

96
00:06:18,600 --> 00:06:16,690
myself but the way he worked it it got

97
00:06:23,510 --> 00:06:18,610
to a point where was very common for

98
00:06:31,740 --> 00:06:27,900
until I the first active 58mm dr. maura

99
00:06:35,640 --> 00:06:31,750
and about 2,000 of us members of the

100
00:06:40,230 --> 00:06:35,650
team I guess all transitioned from the

101
00:06:43,670 --> 00:06:40,240
Army to Marshall we were blessed here

102
00:06:46,290 --> 00:06:43,680
because the leaders of all of our labs

103
00:06:48,600 --> 00:06:46,300
were original members of the Von Braun

104
00:06:50,760 --> 00:06:48,610
team and these guys were brilliant

105
00:06:53,820 --> 00:06:50,770
scientists they had been there they've

106
00:06:55,800 --> 00:06:53,830
done it they made mistakes

107
00:06:58,590 --> 00:06:55,810
they had blown up more rockets than

108
00:06:59,460 --> 00:06:58,600
anybody could ever conceive on and they

109
00:07:02,370 --> 00:06:59,470
were our Mentors

110
00:07:03,270 --> 00:07:02,380
I don't think but about once every

111
00:07:05,070 --> 00:07:03,280
hundred

112
00:07:09,030 --> 00:07:05,080
here's a person when blood Brown comes

113
00:07:12,300 --> 00:07:09,040
around he was top-notch engineer he was

114
00:07:14,940 --> 00:07:12,310
a top-notch scientists and but he had

115
00:07:18,450 --> 00:07:14,950
something that most other people don't

116
00:07:20,400 --> 00:07:18,460
have and he was a visionary you know it

117
00:07:23,370 --> 00:07:20,410
was crazy bad thing about going to the

118
00:07:26,220 --> 00:07:23,380
moon you know it was crazy in van

119
00:07:31,310 --> 00:07:26,230
brand-new we could do it and afterwards

120
00:07:35,159 --> 00:07:31,320
been around him for a while we have

121
00:07:36,900 --> 00:07:35,169
scientific knowledge with our smaller

122
00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:36,910
people since the Russians have with them

123
00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:39,010
up swapped out once we were trying to

124
00:07:42,030 --> 00:07:40,450
build satellites to try to get things

125
00:07:44,880 --> 00:07:42,040
going trying to catch up with the

126
00:07:46,320 --> 00:07:44,890
Russians passing by and a lot of

127
00:07:57,659 --> 00:07:46,330
exciting things were going all of those

128
00:08:01,170 --> 00:07:57,669
in those early days a near perfect take

129
00:08:03,719 --> 00:08:01,180
off guys like Max was Jay and nopales

130
00:08:05,969 --> 00:08:03,729
aircraft Research Division who had been

131
00:08:09,180 --> 00:08:05,979
designing these rockets over over at

132
00:08:11,700 --> 00:08:09,190
Wallops they had all been dreaming about

133
00:08:14,159 --> 00:08:11,710
man and space I remember walking into a

134
00:08:17,130 --> 00:08:14,169
match for Jays office and there on the

135
00:08:19,980 --> 00:08:17,140
wall he had a picture of a guy in the

136
00:08:21,150 --> 00:08:19,990
fetal position in a little caps ooh yeah

137
00:08:23,460 --> 00:08:21,160
I said what are you gonna do with that

138
00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:23,470
max he said well we're gonna launch a

139
00:08:30,390 --> 00:08:27,010
guy into space yeah I said well you know

140
00:08:32,430 --> 00:08:30,400
that like the G's are very very high he

141
00:08:43,200 --> 00:08:32,440
says oh yeah he'll black out but he'll

142
00:08:46,740 --> 00:08:43,210
come to we knew the Soviets we're gonna

143
00:08:51,060 --> 00:08:46,750
try and apply a man after they they

144
00:08:53,670 --> 00:08:51,070
launched their first satellite and the

145
00:08:55,990 --> 00:08:53,680
Soviets knew we were gonna try to do the

146
00:08:58,220 --> 00:08:56,000
same thing

147
00:08:59,720 --> 00:08:58,230
the nation was getting ready to put a

148
00:09:02,510 --> 00:08:59,730
man in space I mean that was a

149
00:09:03,920 --> 00:09:02,520
commitment and that was the focus we

150
00:09:06,500 --> 00:09:03,930
didn't know much about the space

151
00:09:08,570 --> 00:09:06,510
environment you know a young person like

152
00:09:10,580 --> 00:09:08,580
myself with no experience who was on an

153
00:09:13,700 --> 00:09:10,590
equal par with everybody there's no one

154
00:09:17,060 --> 00:09:13,710
had unique experience and it was it was

155
00:09:20,750 --> 00:09:17,070
exciting times and and any information

156
00:09:23,090 --> 00:09:20,760
you found was valuable and people were

157
00:09:34,410 --> 00:09:23,100
interested in it and looked at it

158
00:09:37,330 --> 00:09:34,420
[Music]

159
00:09:39,370 --> 00:09:37,340
but then when they opened this up for

160
00:09:41,920 --> 00:09:39,380
manned spaceflight and announced that

161
00:09:43,870 --> 00:09:41,930
program and one volunteers for it I

162
00:09:46,300 --> 00:09:43,880
thought that was a natural with the

163
00:09:48,820 --> 00:09:46,310
background I had of test flying and I

164
00:10:06,130 --> 00:09:48,830
met the criteria that they were shooting

165
00:10:10,630 --> 00:10:06,140
for I was a test pilot and the job of a

166
00:10:14,530 --> 00:10:10,640
test pilot is to fly new airplanes here

167
00:10:18,570 --> 00:10:14,540
with the dawn of space flight was an

168
00:10:22,990 --> 00:10:18,580
opportunity to fly an airplane of a sort

169
00:10:27,010 --> 00:10:23,000
that made an order-of-magnitude jump in

170
00:10:28,750 --> 00:10:27,020
height altitude and speed and distance

171
00:10:30,310 --> 00:10:28,760
and they were trying to convince it how

172
00:10:33,370 --> 00:10:30,320
neat it would be to get in a capsule on

173
00:10:34,870 --> 00:10:33,380
top of a rocket I said no way send that

174
00:10:37,300 --> 00:10:34,880
idiot that goes out of the cannon in the

175
00:10:37,690 --> 00:10:37,310
circus let him land on a net and forget

176
00:10:39,580 --> 00:10:37,700
us

177
00:10:40,630 --> 00:10:39,590
there's no no don't don't worry we're

178
00:10:43,030 --> 00:10:40,640
gonna put some monkeys and chimpanzees

179
00:10:45,460 --> 00:10:43,040
in first now I know I want out of here

180
00:10:48,910 --> 00:10:45,470
so I really had a very negative opinion

181
00:10:51,250 --> 00:10:48,920
of it before the first flight we will

182
00:10:53,560 --> 00:10:51,260
have developed our Mercury spaceship to

183
00:10:57,460 --> 00:10:53,570
the point where it will be as reliable

184
00:11:01,630 --> 00:10:57,470
as man can devise today we are

185
00:11:03,790 --> 00:11:01,640
introducing to you and the world these

186
00:11:06,400 --> 00:11:03,800
seven men who have been selected to

187
00:11:10,060 --> 00:11:06,410
begin training for orbital space flight

188
00:11:12,370 --> 00:11:10,070
I feel that this is the future of not

189
00:11:15,250 --> 00:11:12,380
only this country but the world we've

190
00:11:16,300 --> 00:11:15,260
gone about as far as we can on this

191
00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:16,310
globe and we have to start looking

192
00:11:23,170 --> 00:11:19,730
around a bit and it's just the natural

193
00:11:28,060 --> 00:11:23,180
expansion of flight Project Mercury is

194
00:11:30,280 --> 00:11:28,070
just one part of the endeavor - its

195
00:11:31,660 --> 00:11:30,290
space travel I got on this project

196
00:11:32,390 --> 00:11:31,670
because it'd probably be the nearest to

197
00:11:34,730 --> 00:11:32,400
heaven not ever

198
00:11:37,700 --> 00:11:34,740
yet no one to make the most of it these

199
00:11:40,880 --> 00:11:37,710
ladies and gentlemen are the nation's

200
00:11:46,860 --> 00:11:40,890
mercury astronauts

201
00:11:53,750 --> 00:11:46,870
[Applause]

202
00:11:57,560 --> 00:11:53,760
[Music]

203
00:11:59,090 --> 00:11:57,570
echo was 100 feet in diameter and it was

204
00:12:12,410 --> 00:11:59,100
one of the biggest challenges that we

205
00:12:16,380 --> 00:12:12,420
had in like in communication involving

206
00:12:21,790 --> 00:12:19,600
[Music]

207
00:12:24,250 --> 00:12:21,800
the real thing that came out of it was

208
00:12:26,590 --> 00:12:24,260
that every buyer the world saw it they

209
00:12:42,340 --> 00:12:26,600
knew that the United States was in the

210
00:12:45,160 --> 00:12:42,350
spaceman convincing others that humans

211
00:12:48,640 --> 00:12:45,170
could do a job in space that's what we

212
00:12:50,230 --> 00:12:48,650
were up to in Project Mercury a 98% of

213
00:12:51,670 --> 00:12:50,240
the medical community in the United

214
00:12:54,100 --> 00:12:51,680
States did not think the man could

215
00:13:02,320 --> 00:12:54,110
survive in that environment much less do

216
00:13:05,530 --> 00:13:02,330
a job and that was very important to the

217
00:13:08,110 --> 00:13:05,540
future of manned spaceflight because it

218
00:13:11,020 --> 00:13:08,120
allowed us to take advantage of the

219
00:13:13,630 --> 00:13:11,030
human beings thinking capacity his

220
00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:13,640
intelligence and it simplified the

221
00:13:18,490 --> 00:13:15,770
design of the spacecraft frankly and

222
00:13:22,180 --> 00:13:18,500
none of us had ever ever seen a missile

223
00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:22,190
launch and so five four three two one

224
00:13:26,050 --> 00:13:24,410
and the booster launches and it the big

225
00:13:28,810 --> 00:13:26,060
flame and we're standing there walking

226
00:13:30,850 --> 00:13:28,820
up like this and here are these seven

227
00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:30,860
budding astronauts watching as it goes

228
00:13:35,740 --> 00:13:32,810
up in his twenty seven thousand feet and

229
00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:35,750
blew and it just looked like an atomic

230
00:13:40,990 --> 00:13:38,410
bomb went off over our head up there and

231
00:13:42,940 --> 00:13:41,000
I remember I was looking at each other

232
00:13:45,120 --> 00:13:42,950
and saying we got to talk to some

233
00:13:47,410 --> 00:13:45,130
engineers tomorrow

234
00:13:57,530 --> 00:13:47,420
there was the initial launch that any of

235
00:14:01,650 --> 00:13:59,820
nopales aircraft the division is

236
00:14:04,710 --> 00:14:01,660
actually the division that got us into

237
00:14:07,680 --> 00:14:04,720
space because I work from acts with J

238
00:14:10,980 --> 00:14:07,690
and Max version a of course is the one

239
00:14:14,940 --> 00:14:10,990
who did the mercury capsule and invented

240
00:14:16,710 --> 00:14:14,950
that completely I'll tell you it became

241
00:14:19,410 --> 00:14:16,720
immediately apparent to me the only

242
00:14:21,990 --> 00:14:19,420
practical approach was was was on I I

243
00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:22,000
had to propose simply because it

244
00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:27,610
provided the lightest way to do it our

245
00:14:32,640 --> 00:14:30,250
best launch vehicle was Atmos the

246
00:14:35,010 --> 00:14:32,650
mercury the only one who had a chance to

247
00:14:36,470 --> 00:14:35,020
be made light enough to be able to make

248
00:14:39,240 --> 00:14:36,480
orbit on Atlas

249
00:14:44,970 --> 00:14:39,250
we didn't call it mercury that day we

250
00:14:50,460 --> 00:14:44,980
still call it the capsule the concept we

251
00:14:58,260 --> 00:14:50,470
came up with was it was a primate from

252
00:15:06,870 --> 00:15:01,450
I'm a bum ba-bum ba-bum ba-bum ba-bum

253
00:15:11,970 --> 00:15:09,600
and then we started launching monkeys

254
00:15:13,769 --> 00:15:11,980
and then chimpanzees and then they

255
00:15:27,440 --> 00:15:13,779
launched Yuri Gagarin we were totally

256
00:15:34,350 --> 00:15:32,160
Yuri Gagarin and the Soviets got there

257
00:15:36,540 --> 00:15:34,360
first and that was a terrible

258
00:15:37,230 --> 00:15:36,550
disappointment for the nation and for us

259
00:15:40,110 --> 00:15:37,240
of course

260
00:15:44,190 --> 00:15:40,120
Yuri Gagarin was launched into Earth

261
00:15:47,220 --> 00:15:44,200
orbit in 1961 the United States still

262
00:15:49,650 --> 00:15:47,230
wasn't there but the 60s were a decade

263
00:15:52,890 --> 00:15:49,660
of change and NASA would forever change

264
00:15:55,350 --> 00:15:52,900
the course of human exploration we were

265
00:15:57,900 --> 00:15:55,360
getting telegrams like mad from all over

266
00:16:00,180 --> 00:15:57,910
the country from The Associated nurse

267
00:16:03,870 --> 00:16:00,190
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ASPCA

268
00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:03,880
please stop washing these chimpanzees so

269
00:16:13,310 --> 00:16:09,250
we launched Alan Shepard I always think

270
00:16:16,440 --> 00:16:13,320
that Alan Shepards flight was a

271
00:16:19,500 --> 00:16:16,450
fantastic moment in the history of NASA

272
00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:19,510
and the history of manned spaceflight

273
00:16:25,560 --> 00:16:22,810
but I think back on that and I watched

274
00:16:29,430 --> 00:16:25,570
him come out of that band on the

275
00:16:33,630 --> 00:16:29,440
redstone pad and look up at that rocket

276
00:16:35,940 --> 00:16:33,640
in that silver suit he had on and all

277
00:16:37,650 --> 00:16:35,950
those lights flashing and then people

278
00:16:40,650 --> 00:16:37,660
looking at him and watching and

279
00:16:42,740 --> 00:16:40,660
wondering himself what the hell he was

280
00:16:46,190 --> 00:16:42,750
doing there getting up on top of this

281
00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:55,790
[Music]

282
00:17:00,679 --> 00:16:58,400
I think the biggest surprise I had a

283
00:17:03,130 --> 00:17:00,689
whole series of events of the space

284
00:17:07,399 --> 00:17:03,140
program because after Shepards flight

285
00:17:09,350 --> 00:17:07,409
weeks President Kennedy said I believe

286
00:17:12,829 --> 00:17:09,360
that this nation should commit itself to

287
00:17:15,590 --> 00:17:12,839
achieving the goal before this decade is

288
00:17:18,230 --> 00:17:15,600
out of landing a man on the moon and

289
00:17:21,079 --> 00:17:18,240
returning him safely to the earth I

290
00:17:25,909 --> 00:17:21,089
thought that is the most audacious thing

291
00:17:32,269 --> 00:17:25,919
I have ever heard in my entire life are

292
00:17:35,029 --> 00:17:32,279
we serious about this remember now when

293
00:17:38,539 --> 00:17:35,039
he said that we had met to orbit the

294
00:17:52,340 --> 00:17:38,549
first man in this country John Glenn was

295
00:17:54,620 --> 00:17:52,350
10 months away from flying most of us

296
00:17:56,240 --> 00:17:54,630
thought he was really stretching the

297
00:17:58,460 --> 00:17:56,250
point and frankly I thought he was a

298
00:18:00,409 --> 00:17:58,470
Bismarck we didn't really even have

299
00:18:06,019 --> 00:18:00,419
computers at the start of this we were

300
00:18:08,360 --> 00:18:06,029
all still using our slide rules because

301
00:18:11,690 --> 00:18:08,370
there is new knowledge to be gained and

302
00:18:14,210 --> 00:18:11,700
new rights to be won he was asking us to

303
00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:14,220
do with most people at the time thought

304
00:18:19,850 --> 00:18:17,010
couldn't be done but he was doing it in

305
00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:19,860
an environment in which the Soviet Union

306
00:18:25,010 --> 00:18:23,250
literally own space and he laid the

307
00:18:27,279 --> 00:18:25,020
gauntlet down

308
00:18:29,899 --> 00:18:27,289
American people picked it got lit up and

309
00:18:36,529 --> 00:18:29,909
got to a point where they didn't know it

310
00:18:38,750 --> 00:18:36,539
couldn't be done not because they are

311
00:18:40,820 --> 00:18:38,760
easy but because they are hard

312
00:18:43,880 --> 00:18:40,830
that was all heady stuff and we were all

313
00:18:47,630 --> 00:18:43,890
you know go go man go so to go to

314
00:18:50,180 --> 00:18:47,640
orbital speed do you have to go 17,000

315
00:18:53,810 --> 00:18:50,190
300 miles an hour that's how fast you

316
00:18:57,890 --> 00:18:53,820
have to go to balance gravity so the

317
00:19:02,720 --> 00:18:57,900
first manned flight for orbit was John

318
00:19:05,480 --> 00:19:02,730
Glenn doctors were concerned for

319
00:19:07,549 --> 00:19:05,490
instance that when you're in zero-g for

320
00:19:09,830 --> 00:19:07,559
a while for several hours you're afraid

321
00:19:11,750 --> 00:19:09,840
your eyes might change shape that you

322
00:19:16,880 --> 00:19:11,760
wouldn't be able to even keep your

323
00:19:18,140 --> 00:19:16,890
vision on the instrument panel so we

324
00:19:19,730 --> 00:19:18,150
were out to prove what those things did

325
00:19:25,220 --> 00:19:19,740
not make the difference but and that's

326
00:19:28,710 --> 00:19:27,070
[Music]

327
00:19:33,009 --> 00:19:28,720
[Applause]

328
00:19:35,799 --> 00:19:33,019
when John flew he saw these glowing

329
00:19:38,320 --> 00:19:35,809
particles at sunset and they look a

330
00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:38,330
little like Firefly so he told the

331
00:19:44,169 --> 00:19:41,570
ground its fireflies and it was a major

332
00:19:46,570 --> 00:19:44,179
mystery but I could create these

333
00:19:48,899 --> 00:19:46,580
fireflies by wrapping on the side of the

334
00:19:52,989 --> 00:19:48,909
spacecraft it turned out they were

335
00:19:56,289 --> 00:19:52,999
little chips of ice and they fly past

336
00:19:58,269 --> 00:19:56,299
the window like a firefly might my

337
00:20:02,289 --> 00:19:58,279
mission ended up being controversial

338
00:20:03,789 --> 00:20:02,299
because I overshot of the landing by I

339
00:20:08,680 --> 00:20:03,799
think 200 miles

340
00:20:11,019 --> 00:20:08,690
so my flight did contribute a lot of new

341
00:20:15,340 --> 00:20:11,029
knowledge to the science of space flight

342
00:20:18,009 --> 00:20:15,350
and it took the form of redesign but all

343
00:20:20,100 --> 00:20:18,019
flights do that you know we stand on the

344
00:20:24,009 --> 00:20:20,110
shoulders of those who go before us

345
00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:24,019
whether or not they overshoot the

346
00:20:28,960 --> 00:20:26,330
interesting part of the mercury mission

347
00:20:31,419 --> 00:20:28,970
of Sigma 7 was that we were over the

348
00:20:33,999 --> 00:20:31,429
South Atlantic and prior to that mission

349
00:20:37,269 --> 00:20:34,009
the Russians had set off a nuclear bomb

350
00:20:39,580 --> 00:20:37,279
at high altitude so at radiation devices

351
00:20:41,769 --> 00:20:39,590
they would measure 10 Rankin's 5

352
00:20:42,489 --> 00:20:41,779
Rankin's 1 Rankine and 1/2 rank or

353
00:20:44,230 --> 00:20:42,499
something like that

354
00:20:46,210 --> 00:20:44,240
I didn't get a reading on any of those

355
00:20:48,070 --> 00:20:46,220
things so it turned out we were ok so we

356
00:20:54,490 --> 00:20:48,080
could go on and let Cooper go over the

357
00:21:01,730 --> 00:20:57,890
it truly was the Age of Aquarius in the

358
00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:01,740
60s the mood around us was always

359
00:21:10,190 --> 00:21:07,410
electric the press revered the

360
00:21:13,820 --> 00:21:10,200
astronauts and it revered those of us in

361
00:21:17,330 --> 00:21:13,830
the front of the program they looked up

362
00:21:20,180 --> 00:21:17,340
to us and we felt the responsibility so

363
00:21:22,480 --> 00:21:20,190
the feeling was mutual the country

364
00:21:26,190 --> 00:21:22,490
supported what we did

365
00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:35,900
we were pushing technology

366
00:21:40,229 --> 00:21:38,330
[Music]

367
00:21:43,080 --> 00:21:40,239
communications hot lights of course came

368
00:21:45,090 --> 00:21:43,090
into being and a lot of other neat

369
00:21:49,169 --> 00:21:45,100
things have happened as a result of that

370
00:21:51,029 --> 00:21:49,179
technology push the country was trying

371
00:21:52,739 --> 00:21:51,039
to build a supersonic transport at least

372
00:21:55,049 --> 00:21:52,749
to do some research and build some

373
00:21:57,570 --> 00:21:55,059
prototypes so by trying to study the

374
00:21:59,249 --> 00:21:57,580
flow fields about these vehicles trying

375
00:22:01,590 --> 00:21:59,259
to compute the sonic booms and their

376
00:22:04,460 --> 00:22:01,600
propagation to the ground was a very

377
00:22:06,779 --> 00:22:04,470
interesting man challenging problem

378
00:22:09,989 --> 00:22:06,789
there was a lot of interest in must

379
00:22:11,759 --> 00:22:09,999
largely because of the publicity which

380
00:22:15,560 --> 00:22:11,769
the planet received at the hands of

381
00:22:20,110 --> 00:22:15,570
Percival Lowell in the early 1900's he

382
00:22:25,780 --> 00:22:23,680
[Music]

383
00:22:27,700 --> 00:22:25,790
we've made out a pretty good case that

384
00:22:31,210 --> 00:22:27,710
the planet must have intelligent life

385
00:22:32,860 --> 00:22:31,220
won and so a lot of interested

386
00:22:36,669 --> 00:22:32,870
environment for them because of

387
00:22:38,710 --> 00:22:36,679
successfully flown past Mars taking some

388
00:22:41,830 --> 00:22:38,720
photographs as it went by

389
00:22:44,890 --> 00:22:41,840
the most important piece of data from

390
00:22:48,310 --> 00:22:44,900
Mariner 4 was the photograph number 11

391
00:22:49,980 --> 00:22:48,320
which showed very clearly a crater which

392
00:22:53,530 --> 00:22:49,990
looked just like the craters on the moon

393
00:22:54,820 --> 00:22:53,540
although by today's standards the

394
00:22:58,630 --> 00:22:54,830
quality of these pictures are pretty

395
00:23:01,330 --> 00:22:58,640
poor they were definitely showing that

396
00:23:04,940 --> 00:23:01,340
Mars were much more like the moon than

397
00:23:11,080 --> 00:23:08,030
Gemini was the program between Mercury

398
00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:11,090
of the single seater in Earth orbit and

399
00:23:20,360 --> 00:23:14,010
Apollo the three seater all the way to

400
00:23:27,500 --> 00:23:25,220
liftoff Germany of course carried two

401
00:23:41,570 --> 00:23:27,510
people but I wasn't the people that it

402
00:23:43,580 --> 00:23:41,580
carried it was the concepts Germany was

403
00:23:47,330 --> 00:23:43,590
a great program because we learned how

404
00:23:56,210 --> 00:23:47,340
to operate in space how to do EBA how to

405
00:23:59,060 --> 00:23:56,220
use computers so what we did with

406
00:24:01,610 --> 00:23:59,070
Germany we did rendezvous which I was

407
00:24:05,180 --> 00:24:01,620
very thrilled to do we did the docking

408
00:24:06,529 --> 00:24:05,190
we did the change of orbit we did a

409
00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:06,539
precise reentry

410
00:24:11,830 --> 00:24:09,410
all of those were very important to the

411
00:24:14,960 --> 00:24:11,840
[Music]

412
00:24:16,760 --> 00:24:14,970
company 12 Houston Capcom there wiII be

413
00:24:21,850 --> 00:24:16,770
a record beautiful job

414
00:24:28,130 --> 00:24:25,789
Apollo 1 was to be the first man test of

415
00:24:31,010 --> 00:24:28,140
the Apollo spacecraft so it was a real

416
00:24:34,390 --> 00:24:31,020
shocker to find that we lost a crew not

417
00:24:38,299 --> 00:24:34,400
in space but right there on the pad

418
00:24:42,409 --> 00:24:38,309
the fire on the pad was a traumatic

419
00:24:45,510 --> 00:24:42,419
event it ripped us apart to be perfectly

420
00:24:55,540 --> 00:24:45,520
honest with you a terrible day

421
00:24:58,780 --> 00:24:55,550
[Music]

422
00:25:01,020 --> 00:24:58,790
we were not doing a good job we were

423
00:25:05,049 --> 00:25:01,030
running too fast it forced us to

424
00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:05,059
reconsider what we were doing and do job

425
00:25:10,570 --> 00:25:09,050
properly but I thought having happened I

426
00:25:20,380 --> 00:25:10,580
don't think we would have gotten to the

427
00:25:22,180 --> 00:25:20,390
moon in the sixties five weeks later as

428
00:25:23,890 --> 00:25:22,190
the backup crew we inherited the first

429
00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:23,900
manned Apollo mission which turned out

430
00:25:29,710 --> 00:25:26,690
the Apollo 7 but as there were many

431
00:25:33,490 --> 00:25:29,720
things with NASA what was a disaster

432
00:25:35,470 --> 00:25:33,500
with Apollo 1 turned out to be a real

433
00:25:38,410 --> 00:25:35,480
triumph with Apollo 7 because the

434
00:25:48,850 --> 00:25:38,420
spacecraft itself was a was a marvelous

435
00:25:50,500 --> 00:25:48,860
flying machine it went 11 days so we

436
00:25:55,830 --> 00:25:50,510
were quite proud of the fact that we

437
00:26:00,190 --> 00:25:58,510
and that was what Apollo 7 did for me it

438
00:26:05,220 --> 00:26:00,200
proved that we could do all the things

439
00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:08,260
this is Apollo fat on launch control we

440
00:26:19,680 --> 00:26:11,170
had bill go at this time

441
00:26:24,990 --> 00:26:19,690
- - 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 we have ignition

442
00:26:27,550 --> 00:26:25,000
sequence start the engines around 4 3 2

443
00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:27,560
1 0

444
00:26:32,330 --> 00:26:36,870
we have

445
00:26:51,860 --> 00:26:42,690
[Music]

446
00:27:01,140 --> 00:26:57,150
the first Fulop Saturn launch of all the

447
00:27:04,380 --> 00:27:01,150
rockets went to the moon with humans on

448
00:27:06,330 --> 00:27:04,390
it they need him tested individual

449
00:27:08,730 --> 00:27:06,340
stages they just stack them all up stuck

450
00:27:34,980 --> 00:27:08,740
my people up and says let's try it out

451
00:27:40,520 --> 00:27:37,310
[Music]

452
00:27:42,660 --> 00:27:40,530
what I wonder

453
00:27:44,820 --> 00:27:42,670
coming to you approximately halfway

454
00:27:49,110 --> 00:27:44,830
between the moat of the earth we have

455
00:27:51,090 --> 00:27:49,120
about 40 hours left to go to the top the

456
00:27:54,510 --> 00:27:51,100
first time we flew a crew on the big

457
00:27:56,310 --> 00:27:54,520
Saturn 5 we sent them to the moon for 10

458
00:28:09,210 --> 00:27:56,320
orbits not just this way around the back

459
00:28:11,190 --> 00:28:09,220
very bold decision on Apollo 8 when we

460
00:28:13,380 --> 00:28:11,200
wrote into the spacecraft and soften the

461
00:28:16,530 --> 00:28:13,390
very first time the far side of the moon

462
00:28:18,420 --> 00:28:16,540
only 60 miles below we were like three

463
00:28:20,760 --> 00:28:18,430
school kids looking into a candy store

464
00:28:22,500 --> 00:28:20,770
window kind of forgot the flight plan

465
00:28:24,510 --> 00:28:22,510
for a second as those ancient old

466
00:28:39,840 --> 00:28:24,520
craters on the far side slowly slipped

467
00:29:10,840 --> 00:28:45,880
[Music]

468
00:29:17,030 --> 00:29:13,940
frankly I wasn't too optimistic that

469
00:29:19,520 --> 00:29:17,040
Apollo 11 would actually land and

470
00:29:23,420 --> 00:29:19,530
actually return somebody's successfully

471
00:29:26,150 --> 00:29:23,430
I I thought we'd get a get away with our

472
00:29:27,830 --> 00:29:26,160
lives I wasn't too worried about that

473
00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:27,840
but I just thought there were so many

474
00:29:34,100 --> 00:29:30,450
unknowns that I would have given us

475
00:30:12,320 --> 00:29:34,110
about a 50/50 chance of being the first

476
00:30:12,330 --> 00:30:32,140
[Music]

477
00:30:39,410 --> 00:30:34,370
like the fellers gonna go for landing

478
00:30:41,510 --> 00:30:39,420
retro no I don't control oh oh no

479
00:30:43,370 --> 00:30:41,520
surgeon go Capcom we're go for landing

480
00:30:49,280 --> 00:30:43,380
altitude 4200 thing you're go for

481
00:30:52,880 --> 00:30:49,290
landing over there are certain events in

482
00:30:55,220 --> 00:30:52,890
life that you never forget and they the

483
00:30:58,010 --> 00:30:55,230
lunar landing and in particular the last

484
00:30:59,990 --> 00:30:58,020
seconds leading up to the landing will

485
00:31:02,150 --> 00:31:00,000
never be forgotten we battled to get to

486
00:31:04,160 --> 00:31:02,160
the surface we're halfway to our abort

487
00:31:06,130 --> 00:31:04,170
limit about the time we got that started

488
00:31:15,710 --> 00:31:06,140
out we started having a series of

489
00:31:18,650 --> 00:31:15,720
computer program alarms and as the crew

490
00:31:21,830 --> 00:31:18,660
took over at about two minutes prior to

491
00:31:23,810 --> 00:31:21,840
landing searching for a landing site we

492
00:31:39,320 --> 00:31:23,820
knew that they were going to be using a

493
00:31:41,570 --> 00:31:39,330
lot more fuel than we expected have a

494
00:31:43,670 --> 00:31:41,580
good feeling about just how far they

495
00:31:47,300 --> 00:31:43,680
were nasty man even though they kept

496
00:31:50,810 --> 00:31:47,310
going and going and going what were our

497
00:31:54,350 --> 00:31:50,820
chances of landing successfully getting

498
00:31:57,380 --> 00:31:54,360
outside that was pretty easy to do it

499
00:32:00,590 --> 00:31:57,390
was touching down so that later missions

500
00:32:04,370 --> 00:32:00,600
could touch down and then do the rest of

501
00:32:06,770 --> 00:32:04,380
the stuff but the landing with 15

502
00:32:10,490 --> 00:32:06,780
seconds of fuel remaining that was even

503
00:32:13,980 --> 00:32:10,500
important thing for were driven to the

504
00:32:25,680 --> 00:32:18,810
I'm back right okay engine stop we got

505
00:32:34,440 --> 00:32:29,880
a gaudy babe here he go I landed it was

506
00:32:36,330 --> 00:32:34,450
like Jewess rocket tranquility we can't

507
00:32:38,010 --> 00:32:36,340
be on the ground you got a bunch of guys

508
00:32:41,340 --> 00:32:38,020
about to turn blue we're breathing again

509
00:32:42,180 --> 00:32:41,350
thanks a lot okay keep the chatter down

510
00:32:44,100 --> 00:32:42,190
in this room

511
00:32:48,120 --> 00:32:44,110
the unfortunate thing is no controller

512
00:32:51,150 --> 00:32:48,130
had an opportunity to absorb the emotion

513
00:32:54,780 --> 00:32:51,160
of that landing because we had to work

514
00:32:57,600 --> 00:32:54,790
for the next two hours non-stop

515
00:33:02,040 --> 00:32:57,610
okay you want stay no stay retro Hey

516
00:33:04,560 --> 00:33:02,050
right Oh State Patrol calm ANC thank God

517
00:33:07,650 --> 00:33:04,570
thanks urgent hey Capcom or state

518
00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:07,660
forty-one and we're getting a picture on

519
00:33:15,450 --> 00:33:13,450
the TV have you had a good picture up

520
00:33:27,080 --> 00:33:15,460
and tell that moment television have

521
00:33:32,700 --> 00:33:30,300
once we landed safely the only thing

522
00:33:37,260 --> 00:33:32,710
that counted was for us to see the

523
00:33:40,620 --> 00:33:37,270
picture step off the LEM now what I felt

524
00:33:42,930 --> 00:33:40,630
at that moment was the TV better worker

525
00:33:44,910 --> 00:33:42,940
else and if it doesn't really really

526
00:33:46,830 --> 00:33:44,920
will Know Who I am because I'll be the

527
00:33:55,180 --> 00:33:46,840
man who didn't bring you television from

528
00:33:55,190 --> 00:34:29,899
[Music]

529
00:34:33,690 --> 00:34:32,250
the world just marveled at this right

530
00:34:35,460 --> 00:34:33,700
along with us and we more or less made

531
00:34:37,379 --> 00:34:35,470
the whole world our partners in this

532
00:34:38,730 --> 00:34:37,389
thing by inviting people to be there I

533
00:34:40,440 --> 00:34:38,740
think that's one of the best things we

534
00:34:41,780 --> 00:34:40,450
ever we ever did in the space program

535
00:34:44,849 --> 00:34:41,790
and one of the best decisions ever made

536
00:34:52,940 --> 00:34:44,859
with regard the space program was to

537
00:35:03,030 --> 00:35:00,839
I think it was the biggest event from an

538
00:35:05,370 --> 00:35:03,040
aviation point of view and probably from

539
00:35:09,300 --> 00:35:05,380
a scientific point of view that happened

540
00:35:22,370 --> 00:35:09,310
in the 20th century and maybe in history

541
00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:22,380
of man Peyman aids for all mankind

542
00:35:59,350 --> 00:35:39,310
[Music]

543
00:36:06,730 --> 00:36:02,960
but we had a good time on Apollo 12 and

544
00:36:09,620 --> 00:36:06,740
so we were happy to go and anxious to

545
00:36:11,900 --> 00:36:09,630
for the great adventure and so off we go

546
00:36:13,940 --> 00:36:11,910
and we go into a thunderstorm

547
00:36:16,450 --> 00:36:13,950
immediately after launch and get hit by

548
00:36:18,950 --> 00:36:16,460
lightning and it lights up a lot of

549
00:36:34,970 --> 00:36:18,960
caution and warning lights and we didn't

550
00:36:37,070 --> 00:36:34,980
know what to do thank God for Mission

551
00:36:40,820 --> 00:36:37,080
Control because they came up and gave us

552
00:36:42,350 --> 00:36:40,830
some advice and and so we powered it

553
00:36:44,510 --> 00:36:42,360
back up again with their help and

554
00:36:53,900 --> 00:36:44,520
everything worked out okay we went into

555
00:36:56,270 --> 00:36:53,910
orbit and then off to the moon they

556
00:36:57,860 --> 00:36:56,280
landed us perfectly if we had not

557
00:36:59,810 --> 00:36:57,870
touched the controls we would have

558
00:37:03,680 --> 00:36:59,820
landed right in the middle of the crater

559
00:37:06,080 --> 00:37:03,690
that we were shooting for so they

560
00:37:09,080 --> 00:37:06,090
wouldn't have missed it by 10 feet and

561
00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:09,090
when you figure we went 240 thousand

562
00:37:29,120 --> 00:37:11,370
miles that's pretty amazing shows you

563
00:37:31,160 --> 00:37:29,130
the kind of capability that NASA has so

564
00:37:33,440 --> 00:37:31,170
we got out for that time and we can

565
00:37:35,090 --> 00:37:33,450
place some experiments and then we

566
00:37:47,120 --> 00:37:35,100
collected a lot of rocks and made some

567
00:37:49,760 --> 00:37:47,130
observations and then our primary job

568
00:37:51,770 --> 00:37:49,770
had been to land near surveyor which was

569
00:37:54,530 --> 00:37:51,780
an unmanned spacecraft that had landed

570
00:38:07,560 --> 00:37:54,540
on the moon in the ocean of storms some

571
00:38:11,970 --> 00:38:10,350
that look so we were going to land there

572
00:38:13,470 --> 00:38:11,980
and pick up some parts like the TV

573
00:38:15,470 --> 00:38:13,480
camera and the scoop and things like

574
00:38:18,530 --> 00:38:15,480
that bring him back to earth for

575
00:38:34,269 --> 00:38:30,509
[Music]

576
00:38:46,569 --> 00:38:34,279
Apollo 13 was a team effort from very

577
00:38:49,150 --> 00:38:46,579
beginning to the end when the crew threw

578
00:38:51,339 --> 00:38:49,160
the switches to start the crowd stir a

579
00:38:54,640 --> 00:38:51,349
spark jump between the fan and the

580
00:38:57,219 --> 00:38:54,650
heater assembly and the pressure in that

581
00:38:59,140 --> 00:38:57,229
tank rose very rapidly because the

582
00:39:02,709 --> 00:38:59,150
insulation had been damaged on the

583
00:39:05,849 --> 00:39:02,719
system and we now had a fire inside the

584
00:39:09,789 --> 00:39:05,859
tank that blew the dome of the tank off

585
00:39:16,590 --> 00:39:09,799
that series of events started the saga

586
00:39:24,120 --> 00:39:19,320
and we had a pretty large Bank though

587
00:39:27,180 --> 00:39:24,130
they did with the they exact words I

588
00:39:30,210 --> 00:39:27,190
used in Mission Control is we have never

589
00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:30,220
lost an American in space and we sure as

590
00:39:36,180 --> 00:39:33,010
hell aren't gonna lose one this crew is

591
00:39:39,150 --> 00:39:36,190
coming home you gotta believe it your

592
00:39:45,270 --> 00:39:39,160
team must believe it and we must make it

593
00:39:48,090 --> 00:39:45,280
happen when we suddenly realized the

594
00:39:50,220 --> 00:39:48,100
truth is significance of the explosion

595
00:39:52,770 --> 00:39:50,230
seeing the oxygen escape from the rear

596
00:39:54,240 --> 00:39:52,780
of my spacecraft and consequently losing

597
00:39:56,610 --> 00:39:54,250
all the electrical power and the

598
00:39:57,750 --> 00:39:56,620
propulsion system we knew we were in

599
00:39:59,370 --> 00:39:57,760
serious trouble

600
00:40:00,570 --> 00:39:59,380
you called in your backup becomes now

601
00:40:02,850 --> 00:40:00,580
see if we can get some more brain power

602
00:40:06,060 --> 00:40:02,860
and then we got one here ROG throughout

603
00:40:09,030 --> 00:40:06,070
the entire Apollo 13 mission the teams

604
00:40:11,880 --> 00:40:09,040
and Mission Control changed shifts

605
00:40:15,830 --> 00:40:11,890
almost regularly at eight-hour intervals

606
00:40:18,600 --> 00:40:15,840
and the teams kept the mission going

607
00:40:21,660 --> 00:40:18,610
kept working the problem as my team's

608
00:40:23,220 --> 00:40:21,670
tried to come up with the answers go

609
00:40:25,710 --> 00:40:23,230
ahead like I want you to get some guys

610
00:40:26,430 --> 00:40:25,720
figuring out minimum power in the LEM to

611
00:40:28,230 --> 00:40:26,440
sustain life

612
00:40:30,690 --> 00:40:28,240
fortunately the lunar module was

613
00:40:33,810 --> 00:40:30,700
attached to us and when that occurred

614
00:40:36,180 --> 00:40:33,820
with oxygen almost gone and the command

615
00:40:38,540 --> 00:40:36,190
module we transferred the command to the

616
00:40:42,060 --> 00:40:38,550
lunar module and try to use it somehow

617
00:40:43,680 --> 00:40:42,070
some way as a lifeboat to get home let's

618
00:40:46,590 --> 00:40:43,690
solve the problem but let's not make it

619
00:40:49,530 --> 00:40:46,600
any worse by guessing I got a lot of

620
00:40:52,380 --> 00:40:49,540
recognition for the work that we did but

621
00:40:54,570 --> 00:40:52,390
the real heroes of Apollo 13 were the

622
00:40:56,910 --> 00:40:54,580
people in the back rooms and over in the

623
00:41:00,240 --> 00:40:56,920
engineering facilities who came up with

624
00:41:02,670 --> 00:41:00,250
the answers we needed we never talked

625
00:41:06,090 --> 00:41:02,680
among ourselves about not making it back

626
00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:06,100
home it was like playing a game of

627
00:41:09,570 --> 00:41:07,210
solitaire

628
00:41:12,030 --> 00:41:09,580
as long as we had a card and we could

629
00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:12,040
put it someplace the game kept going and

630
00:41:17,310 --> 00:41:15,010
every crisis that we came up to we found

631
00:41:19,860 --> 00:41:17,320
a solution as we rounded the moon and my

632
00:41:21,660 --> 00:41:19,870
two companions looked at the place where

633
00:41:24,390 --> 00:41:21,670
we were supposed to land and there very

634
00:41:28,079 --> 00:41:24,400
much disappointment I said we're on our

635
00:41:30,929 --> 00:41:28,089
way home let's get home successfully

636
00:41:34,859 --> 00:41:30,939
forget about Delaney and then what all

637
00:41:38,400 --> 00:41:34,869
silent big business is that right for

638
00:41:52,650 --> 00:41:38,410
the whole panel is blown out almost to

639
00:41:54,989 --> 00:41:52,660
the Apollo 13 has to rate with anything

640
00:41:57,870 --> 00:41:54,999
we ever do because it took a great deal

641
00:42:02,400 --> 00:41:57,880
of ingenuity a great deal of preparation

642
00:42:04,979 --> 00:42:02,410
years of preparation a lot of guts on

643
00:42:22,140 --> 00:42:04,989
the part of the astronauts themselves to

644
00:42:32,200 --> 00:42:24,240
[Applause]

645
00:42:37,990 --> 00:42:35,020
and so you have to say that Apollo 13

646
00:42:40,569 --> 00:42:38,000
was a fantastic moment in the history of

647
00:42:42,809 --> 00:42:40,579
manned spaceflight I will tell you that

648
00:42:45,040 --> 00:42:42,819
we had one of the most bodacious

649
00:42:48,350 --> 00:42:45,050
splashdown parties that I can remember

650
00:43:10,920 --> 00:42:48,360
and those guys got back

651
00:43:10,930 --> 00:43:44,760
[Applause]

652
00:43:44,770 --> 00:43:56,640
[Music]

653
00:44:03,130 --> 00:44:00,849
about that I'm going out ballet when I

654
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:03,140
get back you learn another line of work

655
00:44:07,870 --> 00:44:04,010
up here

656
00:44:10,390 --> 00:44:07,880
god you're just beautiful that is that

657
00:44:12,270 --> 00:44:10,400
is the most beautiful sight but there

658
00:44:14,620 --> 00:44:12,280
you're standing arrow around that crater

659
00:44:21,190 --> 00:44:14,630
god I never heard John describe this

660
00:44:23,330 --> 00:44:21,200
beautifully not really well actually he

661
00:44:34,520 --> 00:44:23,340
is on this thing

662
00:44:34,530 --> 00:44:46,000
[Music]

663
00:44:50,050 --> 00:44:48,340
now I said I can't see to the bottom of

664
00:44:55,960 --> 00:44:50,060
it Naaman put there because I'm going to

665
00:44:58,720 --> 00:44:55,970
get all the different steps and all the

666
00:45:03,300 --> 00:44:58,730
different pieces of hardware and all op

667
00:45:06,340 --> 00:45:03,310
it had to work and this just

668
00:45:08,590 --> 00:45:06,350
inconceivable that we could do something

669
00:45:11,050 --> 00:45:08,600
like them the motivation was well honey

670
00:45:13,090 --> 00:45:11,060
and then gonna be my pocket screws up

671
00:45:14,859 --> 00:45:13,100
you know I'm gonna get it right and

672
00:45:18,510 --> 00:45:14,869
apparently everybody else felt the same

673
00:45:29,950 --> 00:45:18,520
way and we did it and did it and did it

674
00:45:36,560 --> 00:45:32,960
Apollo 17 was probably one of the more

675
00:45:39,200 --> 00:45:36,570
interesting missions because we had a

676
00:45:41,240 --> 00:45:39,210
real geologist there and they landed in

677
00:45:47,930 --> 00:45:41,250
a you know you know wonderfully

678
00:45:50,030 --> 00:45:47,940
interesting place the valley of

679
00:45:52,370 --> 00:45:50,040
taurus-littrow was picked as a landing

680
00:45:54,349 --> 00:45:52,380
site for a couple different reasons and

681
00:45:56,839 --> 00:45:54,359
were one it was in an area the moon we

682
00:45:59,540 --> 00:45:56,849
had never even come close to and it was

683
00:46:01,280 --> 00:45:59,550
a valley some 20 miles long and five

684
00:46:03,170 --> 00:46:01,290
miles across which was literally

685
00:46:04,760 --> 00:46:03,180
surrounded by mountain is higher than a

686
00:46:07,170 --> 00:46:04,770
Grand Canyon is deep

687
00:46:09,660 --> 00:46:07,180
[Music]

688
00:46:11,430 --> 00:46:09,670
yeah what point two kilometers is a long

689
00:46:13,980 --> 00:46:11,440
way from the left look at the Challenger

690
00:46:32,850 --> 00:46:13,990
down there they could get a feel for how

691
00:46:35,520 --> 00:46:32,860
big to fail he really is we stopped

692
00:46:37,260 --> 00:46:35,530
obviously at a lot of different planned

693
00:46:38,790 --> 00:46:37,270
places and we did everything from

694
00:46:40,590 --> 00:46:38,800
drilling core sample to set him

695
00:46:49,590 --> 00:46:40,600
experiments to drilling trenches and so

696
00:46:51,360 --> 00:46:49,600
forth and I thought okay this scientist

697
00:46:52,920 --> 00:46:51,370
has been on the moon - humph he's been

698
00:46:58,370 --> 00:46:52,930
he's been breathing too much oxygen

699
00:47:02,070 --> 00:47:00,690
we not only did a lot of work on the

700
00:47:04,920 --> 00:47:02,080
moon but we had a good time

701
00:47:16,530 --> 00:47:04,930
and you know you're only gonna come that

702
00:47:18,900 --> 00:47:16,540
way once in your life I just looked

703
00:47:21,570 --> 00:47:18,910
around and no one we were leaving no we

704
00:47:24,750 --> 00:47:21,580
weren't coming back and yeah I said we

705
00:47:37,750 --> 00:47:24,760
now leave as we once came and God

706
00:48:10,640 --> 00:47:43,940
[Music]

707
00:48:13,910 --> 00:48:10,650
when you look back on that now and see

708
00:48:16,940 --> 00:48:13,920
how long it's been since we've flown to

709
00:48:19,750 --> 00:48:16,950
the moon you realize not only how

710
00:48:24,500 --> 00:48:19,760
difficult it was but how unique it was

711
00:48:26,270 --> 00:48:24,510
how marvelous it was frankly it's hard

712
00:48:29,520 --> 00:48:26,280
for me to believe sometimes that we did

713
00:48:34,320 --> 00:48:32,220
the political achievement not to mention

714
00:48:36,450 --> 00:48:34,330
engineered achievement of putting humans

715
00:48:38,910 --> 00:48:36,460
on the moon and bring them safely back

716
00:48:45,190 --> 00:48:38,920
to earth and improving it won the fluke

717
00:48:51,329 --> 00:48:49,000
that was fantastic we take for granted

718
00:48:53,380 --> 00:48:51,339
today the technology has come from power

719
00:48:55,100 --> 00:48:53,390
we live in a different world today

720
00:49:06,180 --> 00:48:55,110
because of Apollo

721
00:49:09,580 --> 00:49:06,190
[Music]

722
00:49:12,190 --> 00:49:09,590
although gene cernan was the 12th and

723
00:49:15,760 --> 00:49:12,200
last American to set foot on the moon in

724
00:49:16,510 --> 00:49:15,770
1972 the exploration of space did not

725
00:49:20,230 --> 00:49:16,520
end there

726
00:49:23,710 --> 00:49:20,240
it simply turned the page in the decade

727
00:49:25,120 --> 00:49:23,720
of the 70s NASA's unmanned explorers set

728
00:49:28,000 --> 00:49:25,130
out on journeys that would cross

729
00:49:32,080 --> 00:49:28,010
millions of miles and show us worlds

730
00:49:36,920 --> 00:49:32,090
that until now had only existed as tiny

731
00:49:43,309 --> 00:49:41,049
[Music]

732
00:49:46,430 --> 00:49:43,319
yeah I got right in the beginning of

733
00:49:48,890 --> 00:49:46,440
Landsat NASA really really did something

734
00:49:51,349 --> 00:49:48,900
unique in that program but people don't

735
00:49:54,440 --> 00:49:51,359
really recognize we started the whole

736
00:49:56,000 --> 00:49:54,450
digital camera color analysis but it

737
00:49:57,890 --> 00:49:56,010
turned out to have this incredible

738
00:49:59,990 --> 00:49:57,900
characteristic that it could cover large

739
00:50:02,030 --> 00:50:00,000
areas at the same time bring out small

740
00:50:03,829 --> 00:50:02,040
deviations in the characteristics of the

741
00:50:06,260 --> 00:50:03,839
earth and you're gonna use color to

742
00:50:08,080 --> 00:50:06,270
interpret it to therefore calculate what

743
00:50:29,510 --> 00:50:08,090
was in the various areas

744
00:50:32,180 --> 00:50:29,520
[Music]

745
00:50:35,180 --> 00:50:32,190
I was in the desert in Kenya on the

746
00:50:38,240 --> 00:50:35,190
Eclipse expedition and we saw the

747
00:50:39,710 --> 00:50:38,250
fragments around Skylab go over us and I

748
00:50:42,560 --> 00:50:39,720
thought oh brother

749
00:50:45,859 --> 00:50:42,570
there's been an accident in the Skylab

750
00:50:47,180 --> 00:50:45,869
launch my hopes and desires for science

751
00:50:50,420 --> 00:50:47,190
that was gonna come out of science

752
00:50:55,800 --> 00:50:50,430
Skylab I thought well it's cooked

753
00:50:59,320 --> 00:50:55,810
[Music]

754
00:51:03,130 --> 00:50:59,330
1973 I was commander of the second

755
00:51:05,980 --> 00:51:03,140
Skylab mission and Jack Lousma was the

756
00:51:08,290 --> 00:51:05,990
best Eevee a guy that I've ever met and

757
00:51:11,380 --> 00:51:08,300
I said if we send Jack out there and let

758
00:51:13,140 --> 00:51:11,390
him work on that thing he'll find a way

759
00:51:15,490 --> 00:51:13,150
lo and behold he goes out there and

760
00:51:18,610 --> 00:51:15,500
fools around with it awhile trying to

761
00:51:20,200 --> 00:51:18,620
get these connectors undone and finally

762
00:51:22,140 --> 00:51:20,210
gets them undone and puts it all

763
00:51:26,060 --> 00:51:22,150
together to work great

764
00:51:29,680 --> 00:51:26,070
[Music]

765
00:51:32,780 --> 00:51:29,690
and he went on to a Brent scientific

766
00:51:34,790 --> 00:51:32,790
discovery which had to do with coronal

767
00:51:37,640 --> 00:51:34,800
mass ejections and for the first time we

768
00:51:40,190 --> 00:51:37,650
were able to see these we're big chunks

769
00:51:42,620 --> 00:51:40,200
of the corona and blow off it's day

770
00:51:44,680 --> 00:51:42,630
after day of hard work and even though

771
00:51:47,600 --> 00:51:44,690
you have a nice view out the window that

772
00:51:49,850 --> 00:51:47,610
doesn't kind of pay you back for the

773
00:51:52,430 --> 00:51:49,860
constant effort that you have to put out

774
00:51:55,400 --> 00:51:52,440
to be productive in space it's a tough

775
00:51:57,980 --> 00:51:55,410
job and only dedicated humans can do

776
00:52:00,620 --> 00:51:57,990
this sort of thing it operated for about

777
00:52:04,160 --> 00:52:00,630
nine months which was much longer than

778
00:52:05,720 --> 00:52:04,170
in been anticipated and at that time we

779
00:52:07,370 --> 00:52:05,730
understood some things that we'd never

780
00:52:10,570 --> 00:52:07,380
understood before and it gave us some

781
00:52:12,050 --> 00:52:10,580
forward momentum in the science that

782
00:52:14,270 --> 00:52:12,060
continues right now

783
00:52:14,800 --> 00:52:14,280
till today

784
00:52:17,930 --> 00:52:14,810
[Applause]

785
00:52:19,420 --> 00:52:17,940
[Music]

786
00:52:47,740 --> 00:52:19,430
[Applause]

787
00:52:55,880 --> 00:52:51,590
let me call to express my very great

788
00:52:58,910 --> 00:52:55,890
admiration for your hard work your total

789
00:53:02,920 --> 00:52:58,920
dedication in preparing for this first

790
00:53:07,460 --> 00:53:02,930
joint flight today is not far off when

791
00:53:11,740 --> 00:53:07,470
eight missions made possible by this

792
00:53:22,460 --> 00:53:11,750
first joint effort will be more or less

793
00:53:26,180 --> 00:53:22,470
commonplace one of them huge surprises

794
00:53:28,160 --> 00:53:26,190
of the mid 20th century came with one of

795
00:53:31,550 --> 00:53:28,170
the Mariner spacecraft the Mariner

796
00:53:34,300 --> 00:53:31,560
spacecraft started towards Venus and

797
00:53:37,160 --> 00:53:34,310
they found that the sun's magnetic field

798
00:53:38,930 --> 00:53:37,170
far away from the earth was about as

799
00:53:40,670 --> 00:53:38,940
strong as the Earth's magnetic field and

800
00:53:42,800 --> 00:53:40,680
I had been taught and everybody else had

801
00:53:45,170 --> 00:53:42,810
them but the sun's magnetic field will

802
00:53:47,840 --> 00:53:45,180
be negligible and so it presented us was

803
00:53:49,550 --> 00:53:47,850
a tremendous confrontation of how could

804
00:53:59,090 --> 00:53:49,560
that be so

805
00:54:07,590 --> 00:54:03,770
the one planet that was most intriguing

806
00:54:09,510 --> 00:54:07,600
to humans human scientists was Mars

807
00:54:12,750 --> 00:54:09,520
mercury was closer but it was very

808
00:54:14,160 --> 00:54:12,760
inhospitable Venus was the nearest one

809
00:54:18,050 --> 00:54:14,170
to us but it was worried in hospital

810
00:54:21,810 --> 00:54:18,060
because the atmosphere was toxic and hot

811
00:54:24,570 --> 00:54:21,820
Mars showed seasonal variations that

812
00:54:26,190 --> 00:54:24,580
suggested something was alive and I

813
00:54:28,640 --> 00:54:26,200
think that was the basis for creating

814
00:54:32,670 --> 00:54:28,650
Viking to see if there was life on Mars

815
00:54:35,310 --> 00:54:32,680
when we got down and found out how dry

816
00:54:43,710 --> 00:54:35,320
and arid and barren the place really was

817
00:54:49,079 --> 00:54:46,140
we had hoped to find microscopic life

818
00:54:51,680 --> 00:54:49,089
the thing that happened that kind of

819
00:54:54,109 --> 00:54:51,690
left us in a quandary was the three

820
00:54:57,359 --> 00:54:54,119
experiments that were directly life

821
00:54:57,870 --> 00:54:57,369
detecting did it breathe did it eat did

822
00:54:59,910 --> 00:54:57,880
it

823
00:55:01,950 --> 00:54:59,920
do photosynthesis all said that

824
00:55:04,319 --> 00:55:01,960
something here and when you tried to

825
00:55:06,420 --> 00:55:04,329
find the dead bodies you couldn't so

826
00:55:08,400 --> 00:55:06,430
that kind of left us in the position why

827
00:55:10,260 --> 00:55:08,410
the jury is still out in the end we

828
00:55:11,849 --> 00:55:10,270
ended up with two successful Anna's on

829
00:55:14,640 --> 00:55:11,859
the service and two very successful

830
00:55:17,220 --> 00:55:14,650
orbiters that exceeded their lifetime by

831
00:55:19,380 --> 00:55:17,230
many many months so obviously we were

832
00:55:27,660 --> 00:55:19,390
all related then or you could say we did

833
00:55:29,849 --> 00:55:27,670
it we did it when we flew by Neptune

834
00:55:32,460 --> 00:55:29,859
people were standing in line at night at

835
00:55:34,260 --> 00:55:32,470
planetariums in order to be able to see

836
00:55:35,670 --> 00:55:34,270
the images coming in from Voyager

837
00:55:37,290 --> 00:55:35,680
because they weren't on the web in those

838
00:55:38,520 --> 00:55:37,300
days there was no web you had to go

839
00:55:41,309 --> 00:55:38,530
somewhere in the middle of the night to

840
00:55:43,410 --> 00:55:41,319
see it it became a worldwide event when

841
00:55:45,569 --> 00:55:43,420
Voyager was flying by these worlds and I

842
00:55:47,400 --> 00:55:45,579
had no idea that it would have that kind

843
00:55:49,260 --> 00:55:47,410
of an impact and of course that in the

844
00:55:51,210 --> 00:55:49,270
in the long run is the most important

845
00:55:55,560 --> 00:55:51,220
thing Borges dentists show how much

846
00:56:09,920 --> 00:56:04,210
[Music]

847
00:56:12,109 --> 00:56:09,930
the 1970s really saw the start and heavy

848
00:56:14,809 --> 00:56:12,119
activity in the project aircraft area

849
00:56:16,609 --> 00:56:14,819
which initially focused on sto L

850
00:56:17,270 --> 00:56:16,619
aircraft and then moved into the v/stol

851
00:56:19,819 --> 00:56:17,280
arena

852
00:56:23,720 --> 00:56:19,829
so the rotor craft worked under way very

853
00:56:26,420 --> 00:56:23,730
heavily and has continued to today until

854
00:56:32,540 --> 00:56:26,430
it is the remaining flight research

855
00:56:39,810 --> 00:56:36,240
there were about five of us that came

856
00:56:41,430 --> 00:56:39,820
into the space system division that had

857
00:56:48,390 --> 00:56:41,440
been formed to support shuttle

858
00:56:53,460 --> 00:56:48,400
development coming to work was fun to do

859
00:56:56,100 --> 00:56:53,470
that kind of thing that was a little bit

860
00:57:08,940 --> 00:56:56,110
unique kind of like having some very

861
00:57:11,190 --> 00:57:08,950
expensive toys to play with I think that

862
00:57:12,690 --> 00:57:11,200
was a magnificent development program

863
00:57:15,150 --> 00:57:12,700
you know there were an awful lot of

864
00:57:17,310 --> 00:57:15,160
people including some people at Langley

865
00:57:19,760 --> 00:57:17,320
that were very hesitant that the couple

866
00:57:22,290 --> 00:57:19,770
would be successful would all those

867
00:57:26,400 --> 00:57:22,300
thousands of thermal towels underneath

868
00:57:29,730 --> 00:57:26,410
protect it would it burn up it turned

869
00:57:36,920 --> 00:57:29,740
out to be a tremendous opportunity

870
00:57:48,710 --> 00:57:41,730
six five four main engine start

871
00:57:59,330 --> 00:57:48,720
[Music]

872
00:58:02,840 --> 00:57:59,340
a vehicle that could launch into space

873
00:58:05,030 --> 00:58:02,850
as a rocket put 25 tons of cargo into

874
00:58:08,450 --> 00:58:05,040
orbit and land on a runway like an

875
00:58:13,100 --> 00:58:08,460
airplane not just once but over and over

876
00:58:14,930 --> 00:58:13,110
again in the 1980s NASA would rip this

877
00:58:17,390 --> 00:58:14,940
concept from the pages of science

878
00:58:20,000 --> 00:58:17,400
fiction and place it squarely on the

879
00:58:21,770 --> 00:58:20,010
cutting edge of space travel

880
00:58:22,850 --> 00:58:21,780
[Music]

881
00:58:25,680 --> 00:58:22,860
[Applause]

882
00:58:27,720 --> 00:58:25,690
[Music]

883
00:58:31,069 --> 00:58:27,730
going up the launchpad and they're

884
00:58:34,740 --> 00:58:31,079
looking up and seeing you know this huge

885
00:58:36,569 --> 00:58:34,750
rocket that kind of sounds like an

886
00:58:38,849 --> 00:58:36,579
animal you can kind of hear the gurgling

887
00:58:40,250 --> 00:58:38,859
and the hissing and you know it sounds

888
00:58:43,520 --> 00:58:40,260
like it's alive

889
00:58:48,710 --> 00:58:46,280
a few seconds right before liftoff every

890
00:58:51,290 --> 00:58:48,720
time I've done this has been a little

891
00:58:54,080 --> 00:58:51,300
bit of right about whether I really want

892
00:58:56,810 --> 00:58:54,090
to be doing this or not dopamine engine

893
00:58:59,240 --> 00:58:56,820
start I was really just focusing right

894
00:59:02,360 --> 00:58:59,250
on the tasks at hand and trying not to

895
00:59:03,950 --> 00:59:02,370
think about you know the fact that tons

896
00:59:06,050 --> 00:59:03,960
and tons and tons of rocket fuel we're

897
00:59:11,520 --> 00:59:06,060
about to explode around us liftoff of

898
00:59:11,530 --> 00:59:20,100
Roger roll discovery

899
00:59:20,110 --> 00:59:24,550
[Music]

900
00:59:29,970 --> 00:59:27,660
six seconds in this light forces and

901
00:59:32,620 --> 00:59:29,980
sensations are just powerful beyond

902
00:59:34,900 --> 00:59:32,630
imagination they shake you so much that

903
00:59:39,020 --> 00:59:34,910
you can hardly see the displays in front

904
00:59:44,810 --> 00:59:41,480
right after that solid rocket boosters

905
00:59:46,460 --> 00:59:44,820
are jettisoned at two minutes it's a

906
00:59:49,550 --> 00:59:46,470
very smooth ride the acceleration is

907
00:59:52,290 --> 00:59:49,560
very powerful and you're on the way to

908
00:59:55,310 --> 00:59:52,300
orbit with a very different feeling

909
00:59:57,380 --> 00:59:55,320
[Music]

910
01:00:01,430 --> 00:59:57,390
as soon as you achieved orbit the

911
01:00:04,010 --> 01:00:01,440
engines cut off just instantaneously you

912
01:00:06,170 --> 01:00:04,020
go from being pressed in the seat to

913
01:00:13,820 --> 01:00:06,180
hanging in your straps and sort of

914
01:00:15,050 --> 01:00:13,830
floating in the cockpit the fact that I

915
01:00:18,020 --> 01:00:15,060
was going to be the first American woman

916
01:00:20,720 --> 01:00:18,030
to go into space carried huge

917
01:00:23,120 --> 01:00:20,730
expectations along with it and of course

918
01:00:25,460 --> 01:00:23,130
it was very important to me that I

919
01:00:27,320 --> 01:00:25,470
understood my role really well and that

920
01:00:29,570 --> 01:00:27,330
I was really well prepared for the

921
01:00:31,400 --> 01:00:29,580
mission because the last thing that I

922
01:00:33,650 --> 01:00:31,410
wanted to do was get into space and make

923
01:00:35,780 --> 01:00:33,660
a mistake so I wanted to be very very

924
01:00:40,810 --> 01:00:35,790
sure that I was able to meet the

925
01:00:40,820 --> 01:00:48,090
[Music]

926
01:00:54,610 --> 01:00:52,810
but it wasn't from me desire to be the

927
01:00:57,460 --> 01:00:54,620
first african-american in space my

928
01:01:01,150 --> 01:00:57,470
desire was to make a contribution just

929
01:01:03,790 --> 01:01:01,160
to make a contribution and I think I

930
01:01:05,680 --> 01:01:03,800
probably told people that I would

931
01:01:07,540 --> 01:01:05,690
probably prefer not being in that role

932
01:01:09,400 --> 01:01:07,550
versus being in their world because I

933
01:01:11,110 --> 01:01:09,410
figured being a number two that would be

934
01:01:21,090 --> 01:01:11,120
a lot more fun

935
01:01:21,100 --> 01:01:30,120
[Applause]

936
01:01:35,080 --> 01:01:31,920
[Music]

937
01:01:37,470 --> 01:01:35,090
it feels like you weigh twice as much as

938
01:01:40,230 --> 01:01:37,480
you normally do during the entry portion

939
01:01:43,870 --> 01:01:40,240
once you get on final all of the

940
01:01:46,540 --> 01:01:43,880
emotions and in focus or just on that

941
01:01:49,030 --> 01:01:46,550
last little bit of landing and it's a

942
01:01:50,020 --> 01:01:49,040
it's a neat way to end a fight when you

943
01:01:58,230 --> 01:01:50,030
actually get to put your hands on the

944
01:02:06,930 --> 01:02:00,370
engines throttling up three hundred and

945
01:02:14,950 --> 01:02:12,460
[Music]

946
01:02:19,630 --> 01:02:14,960
we come together today to mourn the loss

947
01:02:23,290 --> 01:02:19,640
of seven brave Americans to share the

948
01:02:26,020 --> 01:02:23,300
grief that we all feel and perhaps in

949
01:02:29,920 --> 01:02:26,030
that sharing to find the strength to

950
01:02:33,070 --> 01:02:29,930
bear our sorrow and the courage to look

951
01:02:35,530 --> 01:02:33,080
for the seeds of hope risk is something

952
01:02:38,800 --> 01:02:35,540
we have to just really consider as part

953
01:02:41,500 --> 01:02:38,810
of our life especially an exploration I

954
01:02:42,940 --> 01:02:41,510
know we've had some tragedies and we'll

955
01:02:45,010 --> 01:02:42,950
probably have tragedies in the future

956
01:02:46,600 --> 01:02:45,020
but you know the ones that we've lost

957
01:02:48,850 --> 01:02:46,610
were probably the first ones to tell you

958
01:03:01,470 --> 01:02:48,860
keep pressing on don't stop because of

959
01:03:07,839 --> 01:03:04,989
my role as a mechanical engineer was to

960
01:03:10,089 --> 01:03:07,849
find out you know what fell apart or

961
01:03:13,299 --> 01:03:10,099
what happened and we finally found that

962
01:03:15,849 --> 01:03:13,309
the o-ring supposed to be designed so

963
01:03:20,680 --> 01:03:15,859
the pressure on one side pushes them

964
01:03:23,019 --> 01:03:20,690
more securely into place the the housing

965
01:03:25,720 --> 01:03:23,029
for that big old ring was just the

966
01:03:28,599 --> 01:03:25,730
opposite the pressure actually pushed it

967
01:03:31,599 --> 01:03:28,609
out finally of course when the thing

968
01:03:35,079 --> 01:03:31,609
burned through and actually burned the

969
01:03:37,660 --> 01:03:35,089
nozzle through it's pretty obvious to

970
01:03:42,570 --> 01:03:37,670
see what what the problem so with them

971
01:03:42,570 --> 01:03:42,580
we got the job with the redesign

972
01:03:45,829 --> 01:03:43,940
[Music]

973
01:03:49,539 --> 01:03:45,839
[Applause]

974
01:03:52,750 --> 01:03:49,549
two spaces discovery clears the tower

975
01:03:59,029 --> 01:03:52,760
Roger roll discovery

976
01:04:05,700 --> 01:04:01,980
good morning discovery you gotta go for

977
01:04:08,069 --> 01:04:05,710
HST deploy ops NASA opened the decade of

978
01:04:11,609 --> 01:04:08,079
the 90s by placing the Hubble Space

979
01:04:14,130 --> 01:04:11,619
Telescope into orbit that would peer

980
01:04:17,490 --> 01:04:14,140
farther into space and further back in

981
01:04:19,559 --> 01:04:17,500
time than any other telescope and in the

982
01:04:21,720 --> 01:04:19,569
closing decade of the 20th century

983
01:04:24,509 --> 01:04:21,730
Hubble and a host of other robotic

984
01:04:37,349 --> 01:04:24,519
explorers would provide astonishing new

985
01:04:39,210 --> 01:04:37,359
views and perspectives everybody was up

986
01:04:42,509 --> 01:04:39,220
we were off to discover the secrets of

987
01:04:46,859 --> 01:04:42,519
the universe it was it was great and

988
01:04:48,390 --> 01:04:46,869
then things started to the east wouldn't

989
01:04:50,490 --> 01:04:48,400
scratch your head why is it taking so

990
01:04:52,769 --> 01:04:50,500
long why can't we focus the telescope

991
01:04:54,839 --> 01:04:52,779
what's going on what was wrong with

992
01:04:56,519 --> 01:04:54,849
Hubble is the kind of the same thing

993
01:04:58,829 --> 01:04:56,529
that's wrong with your eyes when you

994
01:05:01,620 --> 01:04:58,839
need glasses basically the shape of the

995
01:05:03,690 --> 01:05:01,630
lens was wrong so in essence the

996
01:05:07,039 --> 01:05:03,700
telescope was nearsighted and it needed

997
01:05:09,839 --> 01:05:07,049
some glasses I was taking a shower in

998
01:05:11,700 --> 01:05:09,849
the hotel in Germany and had these

999
01:05:13,319 --> 01:05:11,710
really funny shower heads where the

1000
01:05:15,359 --> 01:05:13,329
shower head will kind of move up and

1001
01:05:17,849 --> 01:05:15,369
down and back and forth and that's when

1002
01:05:21,420 --> 01:05:17,859
it dawned on me we can have this

1003
01:05:23,880 --> 01:05:21,430
instrument robotically raise up the

1004
01:05:25,650 --> 01:05:23,890
corrective lens flip out if you will

1005
01:05:27,839 --> 01:05:25,660
just like that shower head these other

1006
01:05:29,970 --> 01:05:27,849
corrective optics to correct the

1007
01:05:31,650 --> 01:05:29,980
aberration for all the instruments all

1008
01:05:33,120 --> 01:05:31,660
of the work leading up to the first

1009
01:05:37,440 --> 01:05:33,130
servicing mission is probably the most

1010
01:05:37,450 --> 01:05:44,880
[Music]

1011
01:05:50,349 --> 01:05:47,680
the NASA program changed the nature of

1012
01:05:54,459 --> 01:05:50,359
astronomy we made some extravagant

1013
01:05:57,579 --> 01:05:54,469
promises on Hubble we under sold the

1014
01:06:00,430 --> 01:05:57,589
program whatever we said Hubble did

1015
01:06:03,609 --> 01:06:00,440
better I think it really changed the

1016
01:06:05,380 --> 01:06:03,619
nature of what we know the Hubble is one

1017
01:06:08,170 --> 01:06:05,390
of the most phenomenal things we've ever

1018
01:06:10,180 --> 01:06:08,180
done in space data that we get from

1019
01:06:12,519 --> 01:06:10,190
Hubble will continue to change the way

1020
01:06:15,819 --> 01:06:12,529
we think about ourselves about the

1021
01:06:19,390 --> 01:06:15,829
universe and our place in it you know

1022
01:06:20,410 --> 01:06:19,400
the pictures from Hubble are iconic you

1023
01:06:23,140 --> 01:06:20,420
see them everywhere

1024
01:06:26,799 --> 01:06:23,150
the fingers of God this is the gas

1025
01:06:29,380 --> 01:06:26,809
pillars that are actually many many many

1026
01:06:31,719 --> 01:06:29,390
light-years across so the scale of these

1027
01:06:34,029 --> 01:06:31,729
things is enormous and you actually

1028
01:06:37,509 --> 01:06:34,039
seeing the birth of stars this is a star

1029
01:06:39,309 --> 01:06:37,519
nursery it starts to give you a sense of

1030
01:06:41,589 --> 01:06:39,319
how small we are and how vast the

1031
01:06:44,849 --> 01:06:41,599
universe is and that's my favorite

1032
01:06:48,940 --> 01:06:47,559
NASA especially Goddard was the place

1033
01:06:52,120 --> 01:06:48,950
where I could carry out the dreams that

1034
01:06:53,950 --> 01:06:52,130
I had which were to push forward an

1035
01:06:55,779 --> 01:06:53,960
experiment that would measure the Big

1036
01:06:58,809 --> 01:06:55,789
Bang radiation better than anyone had

1037
01:07:02,979 --> 01:06:58,819
ever tried before and took on the job of

1038
01:07:04,749 --> 01:07:02,989
working on Kobe for many many decades

1039
01:07:06,009 --> 01:07:04,759
people didn't agree with the Big Bang

1040
01:07:08,469 --> 01:07:06,019
Theory they thought and something else

1041
01:07:09,489 --> 01:07:08,479
must be true generations of astronomers

1042
01:07:12,190 --> 01:07:09,499
thought it must have been the steady

1043
01:07:15,309 --> 01:07:12,200
state Theory Einstein didn't like the

1044
01:07:17,049 --> 01:07:15,319
idea so when we got the measurements

1045
01:07:19,539 --> 01:07:17,059
that fit exactly on the theoretical

1046
01:07:21,700 --> 01:07:19,549
prediction for the Big Bang and this

1047
01:07:22,749 --> 01:07:21,710
tremendous sigh of relief went through

1048
01:07:24,519 --> 01:07:22,759
the world as well

1049
01:07:26,979 --> 01:07:24,529
our measurement of the hot and cold

1050
01:07:29,950 --> 01:07:26,989
spots in the Big Bang radiation which

1051
01:07:32,559 --> 01:07:29,960
show us not only is the Big Bang Theory

1052
01:07:34,989 --> 01:07:32,569
right but also it gives us the map of

1053
01:07:38,640 --> 01:07:34,999
the seeds of the structure the things

1054
01:07:43,880 --> 01:07:38,650
that will eventually grow into galaxies

1055
01:07:47,220 --> 01:07:43,890
[Music]

1056
01:07:48,930 --> 01:07:47,230
the Galileo probe which sent its

1057
01:07:51,240 --> 01:07:48,940
spacecraft into the atmosphere of

1058
01:07:53,760 --> 01:07:51,250
Jupiter was the most demanding entry

1059
01:07:54,950 --> 01:07:53,770
probe I ever flown by anyone and it

1060
01:07:59,570 --> 01:07:54,960
worked perfectly

1061
01:08:03,510 --> 01:07:59,580
[Music]

1062
01:08:05,490 --> 01:08:03,520
Europa and some of the other satellites

1063
01:08:09,090 --> 01:08:05,500
where there seems to be accumulating

1064
01:08:12,180 --> 01:08:09,100
evidence water are getting to be very

1065
01:08:14,010 --> 01:08:12,190
very interesting places for exploring I

1066
01:08:16,729 --> 01:08:14,020
mean who knows what's under the ice

1067
01:08:19,050 --> 01:08:16,739
surface and Europa you've got water

1068
01:08:21,390 --> 01:08:19,060
looks like there's salt water you

1069
01:08:25,620 --> 01:08:21,400
wouldn't have water if you didn't have

1070
01:08:27,510 --> 01:08:25,630
her source of energy the odd coloration

1071
01:08:30,269 --> 01:08:27,520
gives some hint of the presence of

1072
01:08:32,280 --> 01:08:30,279
organics when those conditions held on

1073
01:08:35,090 --> 01:08:32,290
the early Earth life developed in a

1074
01:08:42,720 --> 01:08:35,100
couple of hundred million years

1075
01:08:46,979 --> 01:08:42,730
something interesting on Europa way to

1076
01:08:48,329 --> 01:08:46,989
work nowadays we're discovering what is

1077
01:08:51,710 --> 01:08:48,339
the universe really like and it's

1078
01:08:54,390 --> 01:08:51,720
totally magnificent and one can only be

1079
01:08:59,039 --> 01:08:54,400
inspired and awestruck by what we find

1080
01:09:01,260 --> 01:08:59,049
so I think a proper response is complete

1081
01:09:04,559 --> 01:09:01,270
amazement in awe at the universe that

1082
01:09:05,970 --> 01:09:04,569
we're in and how it works is just far

1083
01:09:12,000 --> 01:09:05,980
more complicated than humans will ever

1084
01:09:12,010 --> 01:09:18,609
we have capture

1085
01:09:26,320 --> 01:09:23,999
Muir was a successor to the early Salyut

1086
01:09:29,140 --> 01:09:26,330
Space Station's that the Russians built

1087
01:09:30,879 --> 01:09:29,150
back in the 70s Wow is extremely

1088
01:09:33,939 --> 01:09:30,889
fortunate that I was able to be part of

1089
01:09:35,829 --> 01:09:33,949
the shuttle-mir program obviously there

1090
01:09:36,999 --> 01:09:35,839
were a lot of challenges when you're

1091
01:09:38,559 --> 01:09:37,009
trying to work with a different culture

1092
01:09:40,059 --> 01:09:38,569
I mean it's a challenge for the Russians

1093
01:09:42,430 --> 01:09:40,069
and it's a challenge for the Americans

1094
01:09:45,879 --> 01:09:42,440
but everybody wanted to work together to

1095
01:09:48,550 --> 01:09:45,889
make it come to pass I definitely think

1096
01:09:50,439 --> 01:09:48,560
it started teaching us the lessons we

1097
01:09:52,689 --> 01:09:50,449
needed to learn and it was it was key to

1098
01:09:55,060 --> 01:09:52,699
that very technical things that you know

1099
01:09:58,899 --> 01:09:55,070
seem simple but become very complicated

1100
01:10:01,990 --> 01:09:58,909
just by language and wig cultural

1101
01:10:04,080 --> 01:10:02,000
definitions of things that you know I

1102
01:10:07,589 --> 01:10:04,090
think our guys did a phenomenal job

1103
01:10:10,089 --> 01:10:07,599
bringing all those pieces together

1104
01:10:12,339 --> 01:10:10,099
booster ignition and liftoff of

1105
01:10:15,890 --> 01:10:12,349
discovery with a crew of six astronauts

1106
01:10:21,250 --> 01:10:15,900
heroes one American legend

1107
01:10:28,300 --> 01:10:25,479
while I was on a discovery in 98 we had

1108
01:10:30,490 --> 01:10:28,310
83 different research projects on that

1109
01:10:32,110 --> 01:10:30,500
one flight now you go up for a couple of

1110
01:10:34,510 --> 01:10:32,120
weeks say and you find some of the

1111
01:10:36,700 --> 01:10:34,520
things occurring on the human body that

1112
01:10:38,800 --> 01:10:36,710
are are much the same as getting old

1113
01:10:40,660 --> 01:10:38,810
right here on earth the body's immune

1114
01:10:43,060 --> 01:10:40,670
system changes you get less resistant to

1115
01:10:44,860 --> 01:10:43,070
disease and infection the body's ability

1116
01:10:47,439 --> 01:10:44,870
to replace protein and the muscle

1117
01:10:49,780 --> 01:10:47,449
becomes less and so the question was if

1118
01:10:52,000 --> 01:10:49,790
could we find by comparing my reaction

1119
01:10:53,350 --> 01:10:52,010
to the younger people's action reaction

1120
01:10:56,800 --> 01:10:53,360
to this up there could we maybe get a

1121
01:10:58,930 --> 01:10:56,810
clue as to what within the body turns a

1122
01:11:01,600 --> 01:10:58,940
human system on and off with regard to

1123
01:11:04,180 --> 01:11:01,610
immunity hopefully we can find ways

1124
01:11:05,979 --> 01:11:04,190
maybe to make it possible for younger

1125
01:11:07,930 --> 01:11:05,989
astronauts to go on longer missions

1126
01:11:10,360 --> 01:11:07,940
without having some of the problems they

1127
01:11:11,860 --> 01:11:10,370
have and at the same time cut out some

1128
01:11:16,660 --> 01:11:11,870
of the frailties of old age for people

1129
01:11:29,140 --> 01:11:21,570
[Music]

1130
01:11:29,150 --> 01:11:34,100
[Applause]

1131
01:11:34,110 --> 01:11:37,550
we

1132
01:11:56,630 --> 01:11:50,620
[Music]

1133
01:12:02,100 --> 01:11:59,790
we have initial contact initial contact

1134
01:12:03,450 --> 01:12:02,110
of the Soyuz capsule with the expedition

1135
01:12:08,130 --> 01:12:03,460
1 crew to the International Space

1136
01:12:13,260 --> 01:12:08,140
Station the hatch was opened at 1 0 to 1

1137
01:12:17,550 --> 01:12:13,270
4 0 Universal Time the first expedition

1138
01:12:22,050 --> 01:12:17,560
on Space Station requests permission to

1139
01:12:25,860 --> 01:12:22,060
take the radio car prime our problem we

1140
01:12:28,560 --> 01:12:25,870
are on a true space ship now making her

1141
01:12:30,750 --> 01:12:28,570
way above or any earthly boundary that

1142
01:12:35,859 --> 01:12:30,760
our crews can work together as equals in

1143
01:12:41,439 --> 01:12:38,580
all the other vehicles we had ever built

1144
01:12:45,160 --> 01:12:41,449
could be totally assembled put together

1145
01:12:48,010 --> 01:12:45,170
and tested on the ground before you

1146
01:12:50,350 --> 01:12:48,020
launch them into space the space station

1147
01:12:54,280 --> 01:12:50,360
is so large you know it's 360 feet wide

1148
01:12:56,229 --> 01:12:54,290
doing an 80 feet long 120 feet thick or

1149
01:13:00,160 --> 01:12:56,239
something like that weighs a million

1150
01:13:01,810 --> 01:13:00,170
pounds and it takes 46 or 47 assembly

1151
01:13:04,470 --> 01:13:01,820
flights just to take up all the pieces

1152
01:13:07,089 --> 01:13:04,480
so every time you brought up a new piece

1153
01:13:09,910 --> 01:13:07,099
you had a different spacecraft that had

1154
01:13:13,839 --> 01:13:09,920
a different set of requirements and

1155
01:13:17,609 --> 01:13:13,849
basically a new spacecraft and at each

1156
01:13:20,890 --> 01:13:17,619
stage it has to operate completely

1157
01:13:21,399 --> 01:13:20,900
successfully for an extended period of

1158
01:13:23,830 --> 01:13:21,409
time

1159
01:13:27,580 --> 01:13:23,840
even as the international space station

1160
01:13:31,149 --> 01:13:27,590
was being assembled in orbit Spirit and

1161
01:13:34,419 --> 01:13:31,159
Opportunity would soon Rove the Martian

1162
01:13:37,450 --> 01:13:34,429
landscape but early in this new

1163
01:13:40,510 --> 01:13:37,460
millennium we would endure a tragic

1164
01:13:43,209 --> 01:13:40,520
reminder of the dangers of space travel

1165
01:13:45,220 --> 01:13:43,219
and Columbia Houston we see your tire

1166
01:13:49,650 --> 01:13:45,230
pressure messages and we did not come to

1167
01:13:54,150 --> 01:13:51,209
[Music]

1168
01:13:57,180 --> 01:13:54,160
at nine o'clock this morning Mission

1169
01:14:01,459 --> 01:13:57,190
Control in Houston lost contact with our

1170
01:14:03,900 --> 01:14:01,469
space shuttle Columbia short time later

1171
01:14:09,300 --> 01:14:03,910
debris was seen falling from the skies

1172
01:14:10,200 --> 01:14:09,310
above Texas the Columbia is lost there

1173
01:14:14,900 --> 01:14:10,210
are no survivors

1174
01:14:17,490 --> 01:14:14,910
NASA is been charged with advancing the

1175
01:14:19,290 --> 01:14:17,500
technology and understanding of space

1176
01:14:21,209 --> 01:14:19,300
flight for this country which means

1177
01:14:24,510 --> 01:14:21,219
we're on the cutting edge of what can be

1178
01:14:29,100 --> 01:14:24,520
done then we're going to be taking risk

1179
01:14:32,250 --> 01:14:29,110
and spaceflight is one of the areas

1180
01:14:34,979 --> 01:14:32,260
where we face risk on a daily basis and

1181
01:14:37,590 --> 01:14:34,989
in the process of doing this we develop

1182
01:14:40,110 --> 01:14:37,600
the new technologies new techniques the

1183
01:14:42,750 --> 01:14:40,120
new inventions we make discovery this is

1184
01:14:45,959 --> 01:14:42,760
what's going to keep us powerful and

1185
01:14:48,790 --> 01:14:45,969
safe and secure and assure the economic

1186
01:14:54,250 --> 01:14:48,800
vitality of our nation

1187
01:14:59,600 --> 01:14:57,290
we actually put our many years of

1188
01:15:02,660 --> 01:14:59,610
hypersonic research here at Langley

1189
01:15:05,180 --> 01:15:02,670
into into work into a vehicle that

1190
01:15:08,060 --> 01:15:05,190
actually flew with the HyperX program

1191
01:15:11,660 --> 01:15:08,070
which was indeed an exciting exciting

1192
01:15:14,660 --> 01:15:11,670
program this was put on a Pegasus

1193
01:15:19,550 --> 01:15:14,670
booster taken up to test point and then

1194
01:15:24,650 --> 01:15:19,560
released three two one launch launch

1195
01:15:28,040 --> 01:15:24,660
sequences reset the x43 would

1196
01:15:29,960 --> 01:15:28,050
acknowledge him we had two vehicles Mach

1197
01:15:32,150 --> 01:15:29,970
7 and then we had a mock Terry because

1198
01:15:33,560 --> 01:15:32,160
we broke our own record the Mach 7 was

1199
01:15:35,420 --> 01:15:33,570
the first record breaker and then we

1200
01:15:39,520 --> 01:15:35,430
broke our own record with the Mach 10 as

1201
01:15:39,530 --> 01:15:48,760
[Music]

1202
01:15:54,520 --> 01:15:52,960
I had a great time working on airplanes

1203
01:16:04,500 --> 01:15:54,530
and fighters and stuff

1204
01:16:13,229 --> 01:16:08,399
the agency not only built and flew some

1205
01:16:15,589 --> 01:16:13,239
very cool things we also had a lot of

1206
01:16:20,189 --> 01:16:15,599
research that then got on to other

1207
01:16:23,219 --> 01:16:20,199
airplanes we did a lot of work at that

1208
01:16:27,270 --> 01:16:23,229
you know ultimately led to things that

1209
01:16:30,109 --> 01:16:27,280
are on the f-22 and f-117 and maybe on

1210
01:16:33,060 --> 01:16:30,119
the Joint Strike Fighter we don't build

1211
01:16:36,089 --> 01:16:33,070
747s and we don't build f-22 but we

1212
01:16:37,919 --> 01:16:36,099
certainly did things that helped the

1213
01:16:39,660 --> 01:16:37,929
companies that do build those kind of

1214
01:16:57,479 --> 01:16:39,670
flight vehicles make their airplanes

1215
01:17:00,270 --> 01:16:57,489
better three main engine start the

1216
01:17:02,969 --> 01:17:00,280
reason we send unmanned spacecraft is to

1217
01:17:06,390 --> 01:17:02,979
pave the way for humans the reason we've

1218
01:17:07,859 --> 01:17:06,400
got spirit and opportunity on Mars is to

1219
01:17:09,330 --> 01:17:07,869
tell us a little bit about what it's

1220
01:17:11,669 --> 01:17:09,340
going to be like the things we're going

1221
01:17:13,410 --> 01:17:11,679
to encounter when we get there because

1222
01:17:15,899 --> 01:17:13,420
it's man's intellect its man's

1223
01:17:19,049 --> 01:17:15,909
intelligence that she can never recreate

1224
01:17:23,310 --> 01:17:19,059
this computer we intentionally made them

1225
01:17:25,589 --> 01:17:23,320
so human we gave them 20/20 vision we

1226
01:17:27,270 --> 01:17:25,599
gave them the ability to move around in

1227
01:17:28,259 --> 01:17:27,280
an environment we gave them an arm so

1228
01:17:31,049 --> 01:17:28,269
that they could reach out and touch

1229
01:17:33,000 --> 01:17:31,059
things and then we used them to do

1230
01:17:35,879 --> 01:17:33,010
exactly what we would do if we were

1231
01:17:37,560 --> 01:17:35,889
there one thing that NASA gives us is is

1232
01:17:39,060 --> 01:17:37,570
a very different perspective on the

1233
01:17:41,339 --> 01:17:39,070
whole universe including our own world

1234
01:17:43,199 --> 01:17:41,349
our own worlds place in it when we look

1235
01:17:45,330 --> 01:17:43,209
at other worlds and we look through the

1236
01:17:47,219 --> 01:17:45,340
eyes of a robot at a frozen desert we

1237
01:17:48,949 --> 01:17:47,229
appreciate our own world so much more

1238
01:17:53,520 --> 01:17:48,959
because we see what it could be like

1239
01:17:55,680 --> 01:17:53,530
when they die it will be sad but they

1240
01:17:59,100 --> 01:17:55,690
will have led such long and productive

1241
01:18:02,459 --> 01:17:59,110
lives and will have died honorable

1242
01:18:05,339 --> 01:18:02,469
deaths that I'll be at peace with it

1243
01:18:07,529 --> 01:18:05,349
because of what they've done these are

1244
01:18:08,860 --> 01:18:07,539
machines after all but you feel an

1245
01:18:11,680 --> 01:18:08,870
emotional attachment

1246
01:18:14,050 --> 01:18:11,690
put so much of ourselves into these

1247
01:18:17,710 --> 01:18:14,060
things that when we lose them we'll lose

1248
01:18:28,240 --> 01:18:17,720
a part of ourselves it'll be hard

1249
01:18:32,680 --> 01:18:28,250
I really miss three engines up and

1250
01:18:34,480 --> 01:18:32,690
burning three two one and liftoff of

1251
01:18:37,580 --> 01:18:34,490
space shuttle Discovery beginning

1252
01:18:50,540 --> 01:18:37,590
America's new journey to

1253
01:18:55,770 --> 01:18:53,790
when you approach the space station it

1254
01:18:58,350 --> 01:18:55,780
actually felt like it was enveloping you

1255
01:19:00,270 --> 01:18:58,360
as you got closer because the size of it

1256
01:19:01,740 --> 01:19:00,280
was so immense you could hardly take it

1257
01:19:04,020 --> 01:19:01,750
in and all the windows or your

1258
01:19:05,490 --> 01:19:04,030
peripheral vision and it seemed like it

1259
01:19:07,530 --> 01:19:05,500
you were flying into a canyon like in

1260
01:19:09,630 --> 01:19:07,540
Star Wars almost in it it totally

1261
01:19:11,850 --> 01:19:09,640
surrounded you but it's a wonderful

1262
01:19:13,890 --> 01:19:11,860
feeling to to see the space station

1263
01:19:19,020 --> 01:19:13,900
coming up and it's being framed by the

1264
01:19:21,360 --> 01:19:19,030
the earth below very beautiful views

1265
01:19:23,700 --> 01:19:21,370
trying to distract you from your task of

1266
01:19:27,750 --> 01:19:23,710
flying the space shuttle when you arrive

1267
01:19:29,040 --> 01:19:27,760
on the International Space Station you

1268
01:19:31,530 --> 01:19:29,050
know there's a little bit of a shock

1269
01:19:33,030 --> 01:19:31,540
factor it was very odd when they closed

1270
01:19:35,550 --> 01:19:33,040
the hatch and we weren't on that shuttle

1271
01:19:38,970 --> 01:19:35,560
you saw them flying away and it was like

1272
01:19:41,010 --> 01:19:38,980
wow we're really here man this is gonna

1273
01:19:43,080 --> 01:19:41,020
be a long visit we get scheduled for

1274
01:19:44,850 --> 01:19:43,090
approximately two hours of exercise a

1275
01:19:48,090 --> 01:19:44,860
day and that's to try and counteract

1276
01:19:50,580 --> 01:19:48,100
some of the negative effects of being in

1277
01:19:53,790 --> 01:19:50,590
zero gravity on the musculoskeletal

1278
01:19:57,990 --> 01:19:53,800
system and our cardiovascular system so

1279
01:19:59,400 --> 01:19:58,000
that was an important aspect of every

1280
01:20:01,410 --> 01:19:59,410
day that we're onboard in the station

1281
01:20:04,290 --> 01:20:01,420
the crew members themselves are

1282
01:20:07,260 --> 01:20:04,300
laboratory rats as if you will you know

1283
01:20:09,000 --> 01:20:07,270
because we have a human research program

1284
01:20:10,680 --> 01:20:09,010
trying to understand what happens to

1285
01:20:12,870 --> 01:20:10,690
people when they're in space for long

1286
01:20:14,850 --> 01:20:12,880
periods of time and so we participate in

1287
01:20:18,170 --> 01:20:14,860
those experiments obviously I also think

1288
01:20:21,120 --> 01:20:18,180
the space station offers an incredible

1289
01:20:23,370 --> 01:20:21,130
laboratory we've added additional

1290
01:20:25,290 --> 01:20:23,380
laboratory modules during expedition 16

1291
01:20:28,710 --> 01:20:25,300
and with their most recent addition on

1292
01:20:31,200 --> 01:20:28,720
the last shuttle flight so it's gonna be

1293
01:20:33,750 --> 01:20:31,210
I think a spectacular laboratory as well

1294
01:20:40,770 --> 01:20:33,760
and I'm excited about what the future

1295
01:20:42,780 --> 01:20:40,780
holds for us they're probably the

1296
01:20:44,250 --> 01:20:42,790
biggest legacy of the International

1297
01:20:46,110 --> 01:20:44,260
Space Station I think will be the

1298
01:20:48,810 --> 01:20:46,120
International aspect the fact that we're

1299
01:20:52,800 --> 01:20:48,820
doing this internationally and it's a

1300
01:20:55,470 --> 01:20:52,810
huge technical accomplishment but I

1301
01:20:56,889 --> 01:20:55,480
think the fact that we are overcoming

1302
01:21:02,199 --> 01:20:56,899
these

1303
01:21:04,119 --> 01:21:02,209
people together with this common goal I

1304
01:21:06,310 --> 01:21:04,129
think is one of the most significant

1305
01:21:09,219 --> 01:21:06,320
aspects of the International Space

1306
01:21:13,540 --> 01:21:09,229
Station I believe that human beings

1307
01:21:17,639 --> 01:21:13,550
should expand into space by doing that

1308
01:21:21,369 --> 01:21:17,649
we can learn about ourselves and make

1309
01:21:25,839 --> 01:21:21,379
the society and the world better by

1310
01:21:29,259 --> 01:21:25,849
working together in a cooperative way we

1311
01:21:31,929 --> 01:21:29,269
can bring the world closer together this

1312
01:21:33,459 --> 01:21:31,939
is a great opportunity for Japan and

1313
01:21:37,270 --> 01:21:33,469
other countries to be able to

1314
01:21:46,900 --> 01:21:37,280
participate in a space program like the

1315
01:21:53,180 --> 01:21:50,780
NASA Labs are the pride of the world for

1316
01:21:54,920 --> 01:21:53,190
things that we can do where science and

1317
01:21:57,950 --> 01:21:54,930
engineers meet together and say let's do

1318
01:22:00,770 --> 01:21:57,960
the impossible and and we'll do it our

1319
01:22:03,590 --> 01:22:00,780
space projects are very demanding person

1320
01:22:05,510 --> 01:22:03,600
has to work maybe night and day and

1321
01:22:07,610 --> 01:22:05,520
weekends so when the schedule requires

1322
01:22:19,060 --> 01:22:07,620
it to finish something on time

1323
01:22:23,440 --> 01:22:22,000
we feel I feel that the entire world is

1324
01:22:26,050 --> 01:22:23,450
watching us and waiting for us to do our

1325
01:22:28,000 --> 01:22:26,060
thing and to get it right and it's a

1326
01:22:31,030 --> 01:22:28,010
tremendous opportunity it's also

1327
01:22:32,710 --> 01:22:31,040
tremendous responsibility and it's

1328
01:22:36,100 --> 01:22:32,720
always been pretty clear that we do this

1329
01:22:37,900 --> 01:22:36,110
together as teams and that it's the only

1330
01:22:40,720 --> 01:22:37,910
way you could possibly do these amazing

1331
01:22:42,580 --> 01:22:40,730
projects so I think we can be very proud

1332
01:22:44,560 --> 01:22:42,590
of what we've accomplished we look back

1333
01:22:46,090 --> 01:22:44,570
in history and when we think this

1334
01:22:50,350 --> 01:22:46,100
country was founded in part by a

1335
01:22:52,150 --> 01:22:50,360
scientist Ben Franklin and a future

1336
01:22:54,220 --> 01:22:52,160
president on Thomas Jefferson who was

1337
01:22:56,140 --> 01:22:54,230
very fond of science and so that would

1338
01:22:58,180 --> 01:22:56,150
be so proud and thrilled to see what our

1339
01:23:00,910 --> 01:22:58,190
country has accomplished with science

1340
01:23:02,740 --> 01:23:00,920
and and the engineering miracles that

1341
01:23:04,420 --> 01:23:02,750
have happened in consequence I think

1342
01:23:05,980 --> 01:23:04,430
they never would have guessed but they

1343
01:23:09,280 --> 01:23:05,990
would still be thrilled to see what's

1344
01:23:12,900 --> 01:23:09,290
been done as NASA enters its sixth

1345
01:23:15,910 --> 01:23:12,910
decade it's time to go back to the moon

1346
01:23:19,810 --> 01:23:15,920
this time we'll go back not just for a

1347
01:23:22,590 --> 01:23:19,820
few hours not for a few days but for

1348
01:23:26,200 --> 01:23:22,600
good for the good of exploration

1349
01:23:31,090 --> 01:23:26,210
innovation and inspiration for the good

1350
01:23:35,580 --> 01:23:31,100
of humanity we will give NASA a new

1351
01:23:40,030 --> 01:23:35,590
focus and vision for future exploration

1352
01:23:41,740 --> 01:23:40,040
to gain a new foothold on the moon and

1353
01:23:44,820 --> 01:23:41,750
to prepare for new journeys to the

1354
01:23:49,939 --> 01:23:44,830
worlds beyond our own

1355
01:23:56,570 --> 01:23:54,080
we as a civilization must explore that's

1356
01:23:58,700 --> 01:23:56,580
who we are intrinsically to the human

1357
01:24:00,169 --> 01:23:58,710
races were explorers and unless we

1358
01:24:04,450 --> 01:24:00,179
continue to explore we're going to

1359
01:24:04,460 --> 01:24:10,479
[Music]

1360
01:24:15,890 --> 01:24:13,520
when we cease to be an explanation when

1361
01:24:18,919 --> 01:24:15,900
we cease to seek knowledge and as

1362
01:24:22,070 --> 01:24:18,929
questions that's the time we will wither

1363
01:24:23,689 --> 01:24:22,080
and die on his plan I think it's

1364
01:24:26,870 --> 01:24:23,699
significantly important that we look to

1365
01:24:29,180 --> 01:24:26,880
the future Mars of course will be the

1366
01:24:33,350 --> 01:24:29,190
next outpost I think will have people

1367
01:24:36,169 --> 01:24:33,360
living on Mars 50 years from now what

1368
01:24:38,209 --> 01:24:36,179
they'll be looking forward to I have no

1369
01:24:41,270 --> 01:24:38,219
idea but I'm sure it'll be fascinating

1370
01:24:43,970 --> 01:24:41,280
I'd like to see the mission to Mars they

1371
01:24:46,129 --> 01:24:43,980
accomplished something I did some work

1372
01:24:48,229 --> 01:24:46,139
on and making the proposal we made I

1373
01:24:51,290 --> 01:24:48,239
think there's a consensus that going to

1374
01:24:53,240 --> 01:24:51,300
Mars is a worthy objective and I'd like

1375
01:24:55,910 --> 01:24:53,250
to see that accomplished perhaps at one

1376
01:24:57,830 --> 01:24:55,920
time in the distant past the at least

1377
01:24:59,450 --> 01:24:57,840
some basic life forms existed on Mars

1378
01:25:01,790 --> 01:24:59,460
and perhaps could again in the future

1379
01:25:03,500 --> 01:25:01,800
these things mean a lot to me I think

1380
01:25:04,790 --> 01:25:03,510
space is important and I think America

1381
01:25:07,580 --> 01:25:04,800
should continue to be in the forefront

1382
01:25:10,700 --> 01:25:07,590
of space exploration no matter where you

1383
01:25:13,640 --> 01:25:10,710
go in the world people know what the

1384
01:25:15,919 --> 01:25:13,650
letters in a essay stand for

1385
01:25:18,919 --> 01:25:15,929
they say NASA and they say it was

1386
01:25:21,320 --> 01:25:18,929
recognition that in and of itself tells

1387
01:25:23,240 --> 01:25:21,330
you that NASA stands for something in

1388
01:25:26,720 --> 01:25:23,250
the world not just in America but across

1389
01:25:28,459 --> 01:25:26,730
the world throughout all human history

1390
01:25:30,830 --> 01:25:28,469
we've we've always had people look up

1391
01:25:31,370 --> 01:25:30,840
and think you know the blue sky what is

1392
01:25:33,110 --> 01:25:31,380
it up there

1393
01:25:35,479 --> 01:25:33,120
do you what it would be like if we could

1394
01:25:38,300 --> 01:25:35,489
go up there in our time our lifetimes

1395
01:25:41,510 --> 01:25:38,310
we've gone up there you know here we are

1396
01:25:44,270 --> 01:25:41,520
and develop that kind of a capability in

1397
01:25:47,540 --> 01:25:44,280
our time what a great time to be alive

1398
01:25:49,910 --> 01:25:47,550
the future mankind depends upon space

1399
01:25:52,790 --> 01:25:49,920
travel if we stand earth will go on and

1400
01:25:55,700 --> 01:25:52,800
having wars but if we go to the Moon and

1401
01:25:59,180 --> 01:25:55,710
Mars will bind ourselves together into

1402
01:26:04,340 --> 01:25:59,190
one single race one color and going to

1403
01:26:19,460 --> 01:26:04,450
[Music]

1404
01:26:28,200 --> 01:26:20,940
remember

1405
01:26:44,600 --> 01:26:40,850
[Music]

1406
01:27:01,030 --> 01:26:44,610
remember